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Figurile de stil în conversaţie

Author(s): Iuliana Chiricu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 66/2017

In this article, we present some pragmatic aspects concerning the function of the figures of speech in conversation; we also consider the influence of the communicative situation on the actualisation of these forms of expression. The comparison between the status of figures of speech in literary texts and their status in everyday language is followed by a short semantic description of the figures identified in our corpus. Figures of speech are in a close relationship with the communicative setting. There are various roles for the rhetorical figures: evaluative, argumentative, descriptive, definitional, metacommunicative, and ludic, according to the locutor's aims.

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« La parole de l’eau » dans la poésie de Benjamin Fondane

Author(s): Annafrancesca Naccarato / Language(s): French Issue: 66/2017

This essay focuses on the study of water metaphors in the poem Le Mal des fantômes by Benjamin Fondane, which corresponds to the second section of the homonymous collection, published for the first time in 1980. The aquatic imagery underlies the passages illustrating most clearly the pain of these phantoms, which the writer evokes through the use of a continuously reworked writing. The present analysis shows how the analogy contributes in particular to the release of this « courant » which, according to Fondane, represents the final goal of the creative process as the realisation of a different « aesthetic » but also and above all as the reproduction of a « movement of the soul ».

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„Până când ai să fii necioplit?”. Despre metafore conceptuale în sfera im/politeţii

Author(s): Mihaela-Viorica Constantinescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 64/2015

Notre article propose une approche pragmatique de la relation im/politesse-métaphores conceptuelles. L’im/politesse sera analysée dans la perspective de la pragmatique historique, notre démarche favorisant la manière dont les participants aux interactions évaluent et conceptualisent l’im/politesse. Les modalités d’évaluer ou les réflexions sur l’im/politesse peuvent relever des scenarios métaphoriques à de différents degrés de conventionalité. L’analyse est fondée sur un corpus littéraire (prose, dramaturgie, mémoires, correspondance) appartenant à la génération quarante-huitarde. Les expressions métaphoriques retrouvées dans le corpus relèvent la métaphore de l’individu comme objet sur lequel on doit travailler afin de devenir apte pour la socialisation.

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O STILEMATIČNOSTI I STILOGENOSTI POJEDINAČNIH I ZDRUŽENIH VOKALA

Author(s): Bojan Minić / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 15/2018

The paper before us is the first and the shortest part of a number of analysis and displays of the stylistic potential of separate and related phones of the complete phonetic system of Montenegrin language. Having presented the phonostylistic features of isolated vowels of the modern Montenegrin language, accompanied by adequate examples and comments of writers and stylists from Montenegro and other Slavic countries, the article describes the possibilities of achieving enhanced expressiveness by grouping similar or different vowels, and their role as carriers of the prosodic features, which also, have their place in stylistics. After the analysis of the potential of these phones and illustrative examples of their use, we conclude that vowels' stylogenic and stylematic traits, as seen from the linguistic stylistics point of view, might not be expressed as much as it can be said of certain sonorants and consonants, but each of them has a set of special features which stands out and provides the possibilities of stylistic use which we only associate with that individual vowel, while together with other vowels they expand the possibilities of realization of the full capacity of their stylistic characteristics, which can also be further intensified when prosodic differentiations are taken into account, since they are usually connected to vowels, which are the core of the syllable and carriers of the accent.

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OPIS SONANATA CRNOGORSKOG JEZIKA KROZ LINGVOSTILISTIČKU PRIZMU

Author(s): Bojan Minić / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 16/2019

The paper represents a continuation of the linguistic and stylistic analysis of individual and combined sounds of the Montenegrin language and is the second in a series of papers intended to cover its entire phonostylistic inventory, after the first paper which was dealing with phonostylistic aspects of stylogenetic features of the vowels. The first part of the paper provides a clear overview of individual sonatas and their features within the domain of stylistics, while the second part deals with the possibilities of combining different sonants. The author carefully considers their common feature, since they have a separate stylistic values and potential. Apart from the analysis of the phonostylistic features of these voices along with the assessment of their expressiveness, the previous attitudes of stylists from Montenegro and other Slavic countries on this issue have also been analyzed. The author has illustrated the most prominent stylistic characteristics of all sonatas using the examples, primarily from domestic belletristic literature. The author concludes that some sonants, as expected, have greater stylistics and stylogism than others, but, at the same time, none is devoid of a certain stylistic feature and potential. Therefore some sonants can further enhance their expressiveness when combined with other ones of the same features.

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„Většina z nás používá prosté Dobrý den“: Výzkum postojů ke kontaktovým formulím v současné české korespondenci

Author(s): Hana Mžourková,Klára Dvořáková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2023

The paper introduces the results of research on contact formulas in contemporary correspondence in Czech. The motivation for the research was the authors’ language consulting practice and it resulted in the major research question of whether the greeting ‘Dobrý den’ (‘Hello’) is suitable at the beginning of formal correspondence and what is the relationship between this contact formula and the addressing composed of the attribute ‘Vážený’ (‘Dear’) and the nominal expression. There were two phases of the research: the first consisted of semi-structured interviews with eight participants. The findings of this phase were used for the preparation of the questionnaire, which was the second phase of the research. The information obtained shows contemporary usage and perception of contact formulas in the frame of the representative sample of 367 respondents. The findings show that although there is a noticeable shift in the perception of contact formulas starting with the greeting ‘Dobrý den’, the more formal the communication situation, the more frequently the formula starts with the attribute ‘Vážený’. The greeting is often used in cases when the partners in communication are on an equal level, or when the writer is in the superior position, and it is ordinarily used in communication with an unknown addressee.

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УМЕКШАВАЊЕ ИЗЈАВЕ У НОВИНСКИМ УВОДНИЦИМА

Author(s): Zorica Trajkova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

This paper examines the linguistic form and function of hedges in English and Macedonian newspaper editorials as well as their role in the construction and attainment of persuasion. Hedges are interpersonal metadiscourse markers which help editorial writers to tone down their statements and present uncertainty in their factuality thus making them more acceptable for the readership. This study also points out the cultural differences reflected in the style of the Macedonian and American editorials’ writers. The objective of this paper is to help readers become more aware of the writers’ style and persuasive power as well as to point out the cultural differences in the way writers write and readers perceive a written text.

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ДИЈАЛОШКА ЦИТАЦИЈА КАО ВИД ТУЂЕГ ГОВОРА

Author(s): Sreto Tanasić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2022

The concept of dialogic citation relates to the case when the second response uses a response of the interlocutor, wholly or in part. Taking over the interlocutor’s response wholly or partly serves for expressing an attitude by using the one expressed in the adopted response. This phenomenon is, thus, typical of a dialogue as a communicative unit and represents a special form of citing other people’s speech. This paper presents, based on a corpus of literary and conversational style, some features of dialogic citation in the Serbian language.

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Метафора „поток“: пространственная концептуализация эмоций, мыслей и времени

Author(s): Svetlana Jurjevna Bogdanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2009

The article deals with the research of linguistic representation of some spheres of life which are conceptualized by means of the FLOW metaphor in Russian and in English. The analysis is based on concrete linguistic material, especially Russian and English sentences in which certain spheres become ordered in the terms of directed movement of liquid. The material investigated is Russian and English fiction and corpora. It is proved that in the Russian and English languages the FLOW metaphor takes place when talking about emotions, thoughts, memory, time, etc. The research has shown that these spheres have spatial conceptualization and that there are common features as well as differences in the linguistic world views in both languages.

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Values behind Metaphors: Figurative Speech in the Discourse of a “Language Crisis”

Author(s): Ene Vainik,Geda Paulsen / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This study is a values-driven approach to figures of speech, depicting language and its standardisation. We explore a discourse about the modernisation of linguistic norms that took place in Estonian publicmedia in 2020–2022 and reached the point of being labelled a crisis. The debate took place mostly inthe form of opinion-writing texts, expressing the writers’ subjective perspectives. During thediscussions, two parties with different outlooks on language and language planning issues emerged,representing the dichotomy of liberal and conservative value models. The focus of the study is on theinterplay between values and patterns of figurative thought, as metaphors were extensively used tostrengthen the arguments of both sides. The analysis, based on the theoretical-methodological meansof the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Figurative Framing, Metaphor Scenario Analysis, SystemicFunctional Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis, revealed that the opposing parties favouredcertain metaphors when depicting language. As a side issue, we also address the dynamics of powerrelations through the language crisis discourse.

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I Had a Dream, Which Was not All a Dream: Viewpoint Metaphors in Personal Experience Narratives on War

Author(s): Valeriia Nikolaienko / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article makes a case for a particular kind of conceptual metaphor, the viewpoint metaphor.The viewpoint metaphor is argued to be a tool employed by narrators in personal experiencenarratives in order to render their irregular perception mode. The viewpoint metaphor allowsmapping on the narrated real experience the perception characteristics of other experiencessuch as watching a movie or having a dream. The research material consisted of a sample of 50personal experience narratives (25 in English and 25 in Ukrainian) produced by theparticipants or witnesses, military and civilian, of hostilities mainly in Ukraine in 2014-2023and in some other conflicts. It was found that two basic and most prominent viewpointmetaphors in this kind of discourse is EXPERIENCING THE EVENT is DREAMING OF THEEVENT or WATCHING A MOVIE OF THE EVENT. These metaphors are often reinforced byother viewpoint metaphors and they tend to repeatedly occur in the narrative. The function ofthe viewpoint metaphor is expressing the subjective experientiality, emotional condition andembodied perception mode at the time of the experience narrated. Viewpoint is therefore arguedto be a part of the mental space’s construal. Studying the viewpoint metaphor allows to shedlight onto the conceptual structure of viewpoint. It was found that the elements mapped from thesource experience of watching a movie or having a dream include passive witnessing, reducedagency, hushed perception, unreality of events, timelapse, and slow motion.

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FOLOSIREA LIMBAJULUI COLOCVIAL ÎN TEXTUL JURNALISTIC

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FOLOSIREA LIMBAJULUI COLOCVIAL ÎN TEXTUL JURNALISTIC

Author(s): Ioana Creţu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 18/2011

The article shows that today, the language of the media is no more a correct, standard language. For more expressivity, the journalists often use informal structures, and also they confuse terms. In the Romanian newspapers, the language makes no difference between the yellow press and the serious press. The articles are full of popular language, and often contain logical and grammatical mistakes and slang. The linguists tried to give some reasons to explain the use and the abuse of the colloquial language.

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Cambio de código e acomodación lingüística ante as cámaras de televisión: a gheada e o rotacismo. Unha achega ao cambio lingüístico no galego

Author(s): XOÁN CARLOS GORIS GARCÍA / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2023

Code-switching and linguistic accommodation are more or less natural and common phenom- ena within bilingual communities composed of speakers who, the greater their linguistic reper- toire, the more pragmatic possibilities they will have when communicating with their interlocutor, adapting to the topic, situation or registration How these changes occur and what they mean for the ongoing linguistic change in Galician will be the objective of this work. In addition, we will focus on the analysis of the behavior of a group of Moranese speakers with respect to the dialectal features of the gheada and the rho- tacism when they are recorded by television cameras. Thus, and following Lavob’s variationist sociolinguistics methodology, we were able to observe that gheada is the trait that will receive the greatest accommodation in the face of the great maintenance of rotacism, that women are the most innovative group and that the younger generation seems to recover some uses traditional language.

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ДЕСЕТ НАУЧНИХ РАСПРАВА – ДЕСЕТ ИЗОШТРЕНИХ ПОРТРЕТА СТИЛИСТИЧАРА

Author(s): Branko Stojanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 80/2023

(Милош Ковачевић, Српски стилистичари, Београд: Српска књижевна задруга, 2021)

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Verbal-Visual Indicators of Genre Identification in a Mediotext (Using Monologised Audiovisual Interviews as an Example)

Author(s): Ewa Szkudlarek-Śmiechowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The aim of this article is to typify the verbal and visual means that determine whethera media expression, seemingly monologic in form, fits the interview genre. The researchmaterial consists of monologued audiovisual interviews of a confessional nature fromthe series “Room Number Seven” published on YouTube. Given the repetitive and cycli-cal nature of vlogs, the monologued interview in an audiovisual platform like YouTubeevolves into a sub-genre with a relatively stable set of features. These characteristics nolonger define individual messages but rather shape the content in a serial format. Inter-net user comments on selected episodes from the series “Room Seven” clearly demon-strate that, for viewers, monologued confidences are an unconventional demonstrationof the interview genre pattern.

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Profesor Stanisław Gajda

Author(s): Marzena Makuchowska,Jolanta Nocoń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 79/2023

In memoriam Profesor Stanisław Gajda (1945–2022).

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O wyrażeniu oldschool i jego derywatach w polszczyźnie

Author(s): Marcin Zabawa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The aim of the present paper is to discuss the English lexical borrowing oldschool used in Polish. The first part of the article is devoted to definitions of the word in various lexicographic sources; then, information on the frequency of its use is presented. The main part of the paper focuses on the discussion of the new contexts of the use of the lexeme in question, illustrated with numerous examples, taken from NKJP and MoncoPL corpora. The article shows that the word has significantly expanded its scope and should be perceived not only as a lexical borrowing from English, but as a semantic loan and a native semantic innovation as well.

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Przerywnik leksykalny w historycznojęzykowych badaniach socjopragmatycznych (na materiale Korpusu dawnych polskich tekstów dramatycznych (1772–1939))

Author(s): Magdalena Pastuch,Barbara Mitrenga,Kinga Wąsińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The article aims to describe and analyze one of the exponents of colloquialism – the filler words, both when it comes to frequency and statistics. The historical linguistics research is based on the Corpus of Polish Dramatic Texts (1772–1939). The analysis is sociopragmatically oriented, i.e. it shows the relationship between the use of the filler words (560 uses) and the age, sex, and social status of the users. There are three essen- tial pragmatic functions that these expressions can perform in an utterance (expressive, retardative, phatic).

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Gwara w świadomości mieszkańców wsi (na przykładzie Kielecczyzny i Opoczyńskiego)

Author(s): Stanisław Cygan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2021

The subject matter of the article is the way in which the rural population of two regions,namely Kielce and Opoczno, sees their language. Field studies were conducted in 2018, involvingmainly the oldest residents of the village of Lasocin, Kielce County (1993–1997 and later) and 40villages in Opoczno County in 2018. The responses, recorded using a voice recorder, show that theytreat dialect as a variety of language of a limited geographical range: mainly local (borders of onevillage, several neighbouring villages); regional (e.g. Silesia, Kaszuby, Kielce, Opoczno, Podhale,Kurpie and others), characteristic of the oldest generation. The dialect is also, in their opinion,a vital indicator of local identity, an essential element of community ties (cf. mówić po nasemu).The dialect in the consciousness of the speakers is distinguished by certain linguistic features fromthe phonetic subsystem, e.g. a narrowed vowel articulation a→o, e→i, y, articulation broadening i,y→e, e.g. piełka, bieł, beła, labialisation of the initial o, denasalisation of nasal vowels ą→o, ę→e,and lexis, e.g. kaj, źmioki, zaściegacka, podwyrze, plindze, nizinier.

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Wybrane formy grzecznościowe we współczesnej polszczyźnie pisanej na Ukrainie (na tle normy ogólnopolskiej)

Author(s): Ałła Krawczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2021

The aim of the article is to show some deviations from the Polish nationwide rules in selectedpolite expressions in the written text on a large amount of research material (over two thousand units), extracted from almost half a thousand issues of Polonia newspapers, published in Ukraine in the 21stcentury. What is analysed are some peculiarities of the structure of these units against the backgroundof their pragmatic Polish nationwide equivalents, their functions in the press text of the inherited Pol-ish language, and the communication capabilities both within and without the studied communica-tive community. The influence of Ukrainian polite expressions on the studied expressions of inheritedPolish language is evaluated. The research results give rise to a reflection on the issue of differentialacceptability — against the background of the general standard — of the features of the linguistic labelin the inherited Polish language in Ukraine.

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