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Review of: Krunoslav Pranjić, "Jezik i književno djelo. Ogledi za lingvostilističku analizu književnih tekstova." (Treće, prošireno izdanje), Beograd, 1985.; by: Senahid Halilović
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The central concern of this article is prolepsis within the complex sentence. The author offers the syntactic, semantic and stylistic analysis of this type of the complex sentence in which the direct object of the main clause anticipates the subject of the subordinate clause, (eg. Vidim PTICU da/gdje /ikako leti — I can see the BIRD that/where/as it is flying: Vidim da/gdje/kako PTICA leti — I can see that/where/as the BIRD is flying. »I can see the BIRD which is flying«). The author claims that the following peculiarities can be associated with this type of the complex sentence: 1. only the verbs of perception and some verbs of state can occur in the position of the predicate in the main clause, 2. the subject of the main clause is always »the experience«, 3. the subordinate clause itself is a nominal-adjectival clause, 4. the whole sentence with the proleptic object in the main clause should be considered as syntactically and semantically marked compared with the unmarked sentence in which the subordinate clause contains the grammatical subject eg. Vidim da/gdje/како PTICA leti.
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This paper deals with the fundamental characteristics of the conversational functional style, inspecting the way in which this functional style, at different levels of language, differs from other functional styles. Since this functional style is insufficiently studied and described, this paper deas with the issues relating to the character of the conversational functional style and gives an overview of its primary features in phonetic, morphological, syntactic, lexical and phrasal level.
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U našem dinamičnom vremenu posebno dolazi do izražaja nastojanje da se utroši što manje prostora (ako se piše) i vremena (ako se usmeno kazuje) za informaciju, etiketu, novinski naslov, reklamu i sl. Nekada su u svemu ovome presudni ekonomski razlozi, nekada tehnički, likovni, ali model neke konstrukcije ostaje i dalje se širi. Razumljiva je težnja informatorova da sa što manje jezičkih sredstava jasno iskaže misao. Ali je još Tomo Maretić, zalažući se za jasnoću i jedrinu stila, ukazao na to da i sabitost može biti isto tako mana stila kao i razvučenost
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Ко кога тестира? — Једној спортској вијести Политика je дала сљедећи наслов: Младост и Партизан тестирају Вашаш и Хонвед у Будимпешти. Међутим, у тексту те вијести стоји: »Тако ће два реномирана клуба нашег северног суседа на известан начин тестирати наше клубове пред учешће у купу«. Из овога je јасно да he ватерполисти Младости и Партизана бити тестирани од стране Вашаша и Хонведа. А да ли je то јасно из наслова? Не би се рекло.
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Akuzativ jednine imenica i vrste prvobitno je bio jednak nominativu. Postepeno je došlo do diferenciranja u upotrebi, pa kada ove imenice označavaju nešto neživo, imaju akuzativ jednak nominativu, a kada označavaju nešto živo, imaju akuzativ jednak genitivu. Međutim, u praksi nije uvijek tako, mnogi slučajevi se ne mogu podvesti pod ovo pravilo.
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У едицији Језички приручницй Издавачко предузеће „Бранко Ђоновић” у Београду издало je 1963. године ову квьигу професора Миодрага Лалевића. Види се да књига треба да буде приручник, да помогне у разрјешавању колебања у нашем језику и правопису и да je намијењена свим људима који се служе y говору и писању српскохрватским језиком, без обзира на њихов ниво образовања уопште и степен језичке културе. Књига није, дакле, писана за оне који ce баве проучавањем језика или поучавањем у језику, језичким стручњацима, него je истакнуто одмах у почетку да je то „књига за свакога”.
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Mana današnjih sporova oko pravilnog češkog jezika u tome je što se u njima problem jezičke pravilnosti razmatra sam za sebe. Ne posvećuje se pažnja, bar ne sistematska, očiglednoj pripadnosti ovoga problema širem i stoga nadređenom problemu jezičke usavršenosti (prefinjenosti). A objektivno rasuđivati о težnji za jezičkom pravilnošću možemo samo onda ako tu težnju osvijetlimo sa stanovišta brige za jezičku istančanost ili sa stanovišta jezičke kulture.
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In linguistic realm of Istog with surroundings it is quite noticed the usage of " pre articled " nouns, especially those which show the origin of a human, exactly of an inhabitant , ex. i vréllsĭ (inhabitant of Vrella), i prĭgódsi (ihabitant of Prigoda), i lŭbóvsi (inhabitant of Lubova) i rakóshsĭ (inhabitant of Rakosh). It is still saved a number of gender-neutral nouns, especially those accompained with determiners, wheras exact gender-neutral nouns are: ujt and kry:t, so similar as in the spoken language of Deçan. Gender-neutral noun (kryt/kryet) moves to feminine during these noun cases : genitive, dative and vocative example: i,e kre:s, kre:s, pej kre:s, while in nominative and accusative case does not change gender. Neutral-Gender Nouns are also those nouns which derivate from adjectives ex: t’ kuçt, t’bárdh, t’ zi:t as well as the nouns which derivate Past Participle of the verb, for example: t’ rrítunit, t’ msúmit, t’ árdhnit, t’ pámit, t’shkúmit etc. All nouns belong to one of the genders , but in this speech , appears a type of nouns called ambigender (dual-gender) which change the gender when they pass from singular to plural and vice-versa, for ex. : mal- mâºle, breg-bríxhe, shtek-shtíxhe . As well as this, through this grammar shift, nouns whose plural is formed from suffixes - na, change too. example: bo:jbójna, u:j-újna, dry:-drýna, brî-brina etc. In some North-East gegë dialects, masculine nouns in the type of : káli, magári, déti, drúni, gúri etc. are formed only in definite form , whereas the same names in Istog are used in both forms , dependin in the context Ai e kĭsh ble: nĭ ka:l (indefinite form) Káli i tij e kĭsh kimën e ze:z! (indefinite form), etc. Those and other examples make us think that is not accurate Idriz Ajeti `s statement who declares that "These nouns in all Kosovo are pronounced all the same ". At masculine nouns which form their plural without an ending, are noticed some types of theirs , like : a) nouns that have equalized singular with plural form, by not changing even the accent for example: malsórmalsór, mertek-mertek, puntór-puntór, arsimtar-arsimtar, dru-dru, fërkëmfërkëm, dáj-dáj, hamar-hamar etj; b) some nouns which during the shift from singular to plural don´t take an ending but make the vowel of the word longer . Here are only masculine nouns which are formed with the suffix ak, ek and in indefinite form end in k , so when the consonant k doesn´t palatalize in palatal q , exactly with affricate ç, example: dyrek-dýrek, pishak-píshak etc. Pre verbal gender-neutral nouns, of the type: t bërtítnit, t íknit, t nxhéshnit, t écnit, t hâºŋrit, t pímit etj., as well as those which derivate from adjectives : t zít, t kèçt ect., don´t have a plural form, because when they are used in plural shift to feminine gender , although paralel uses of them are found: dý t bërtítne, dý t íkne, dý t nxhéshme, dý t écne, dý t hâºŋre, dý t píme etc. In Istog´s linguistic idiom is widely expressed the usage of vocative case , in the cases when someone calls someone else, or is directed for a request or a need he has. This case has the form of a definite nominative case, only that here is accompanied with relevant exclamations for both genders, for masculine: o, ore, more, whereas , for feminine these exclamtions take place: oj,moj, mori, example //O djalo-o/ŋutu more/ se na nxuni nâºta// Oj çíko / moj po a po nȋ:n mori/ bĭna dŏ u:j t ftŏft oj// etc.
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Within the framework of the varieties of the Spanish language in America, there has been built a linguistic variety, popularly known as Latin Spanish, commonly used in the international media, audiovisual productions and in the dubs made in Latin America. This article aims to analyse the concept of neutral or Latin Spanish (español neutro and español latino), its role as a standard Spanish-American variety, its fields of use, as well as its linguistic characteristics.
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Metaphor is the result of an imaged language use by which at a semantic level one compares two terms that belong to different domains. In its structure, irrespetive of the metaphorized item belonging to literary discourse or not, we talk about metaphor in praesentia or in absentia, lively or dead, simple or continued… As such, the domain of realization of the metaphor is surely the literary. If it is also true that the stylistic analysis, in accordance with the stylistic approach proposed by Georges Molinié, aims to describe what determines the literary nature of the discourse, then we are entitled to infer that metaphor, especially in absentia, ceases to be a simple trope because generated by an analogical transfer of denomination, as well as what can render its literary character to the discourse of Albert Debony, through its strong occurrence.
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This paper starts with the concept of language personality as a key in linguopersonology and anthropocentric linguistics (Karaulov 1989, Sedov 1996, Beamer 2001, Bogin 2001, Maslova 2001, Karasik 2004, etc.), and through a current linguistic perspective in the third decade of the third millennium, the theory of natural writting, comes to graffiti as a genre of this discipline, i.e. to graffiti as a contemporary, but also, timeless public medium of the, young, people to express their personality and their inner world. The subject of interest of this paper is the identification and interpretation of the most characteristic features of the linguistic expression of an individual, language persona, reflected in the language of graffiti. Expressiveness is examined on examples of over 100 textual, verbal graffiti (love, moral-philosophical, sports, ecological, advertising, ideological, nonsense, aphorisms) written in Skopje, as a part of the written form of naturally, spontaneously produced texts, in which publicly, impressively, and creatively, the authors of graffiti talk about the world that surrounds us, mainly anonymously. Different forms of expressiveness are presented in all linguistic levels. The purpose of the paper was through grammatical-content analysis of graffiti to identify the markers of expressive language in the function of reflecting the key intention of the language persona behind the graffiti as a communication messages. The results of the research confirm the existence of numerous expressive forms such as: exclamatory sentences; then insertion of exclamatory expressions into the statement by the use of vocatives, imperatives; numerous particles, ethical dative, article morphemes with stylistic function; use of lexemes or derivational suffixes with high degree of expressiveness and affectivity. Frequent stylistic expressiveness (figures, rhyme) is also included. Taking into account that graffiti of various types are used as a source where the center of the text/the message is the self, and through which the authors express their emotions and ideas; desires, impulses, longings, but also revolt, rebellion, protest; often irony, ridicule and criticism of the society; it is not surprising that numerous language individual characteristics (idioforms) have been identified in the corpus that express the identity and the individual inner world of the language persona, but, in some of them, also national features are manifested (concept of national language persona).
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One of the fundamental issues of contemporary stylistics is the issue of the distribution of linguistic means through which the speaker and hearer are actualized in different functional styles, their genres and texts. The aim of this paper is to analyze and interpret the replacement (synonymy or transposition) of the first person singular, as the speaking person, by its grammatical-metaphorical synonyms (enallage of the person) in the travel writing discourse. As travel writing discourse shows specificity in relation to other genres when it comes to replacing the first person singular with figurative lexis (tropes), the goal of this paper will be the analysis and interpretation of specific figurative lexis as a means of referencing the speaker/ emitter and hearer/recipient in travel writing discourse. The final goal of the work is to point out the connotative value of the analyzed grammatical and lexical metaphors in the travel writing discourse and their specificity genre expression. The corpus is an anthological source of Bosnian travel writing of the 20th century.
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The article aims to assess the linguistic accuracy of texts generated by ChatGPT, based on queries that mirror the instructions found in the 2023 secondary school final exam in Polish language and literature. The analysis focused on identifying and classifying language errors and evaluating their frequency. The results of the analysis revealed a varied level of accuracy in AI-generated texts. Most errors occurred in texts containing more complex constructions, where correct formulation required a comprehensive understanding of grammatical rules. The conclusions drawn from the analysis offer insights into the limitations of AI, which users should be mindful of when editing texts using chatbots.
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This article aims to correct a number of linguistic inaccuracies between the Polish-language and English-language versions of the 30-item Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ) and present a revised Polish translation of the questionnaire that will be better suited to cross-cultural research. Researchers who are unfamiliar with the Polish and English-language versions of the MFQ may not be aware of the differences between the two language versions. These differences, in turn, are important because the MFQ is used to compare moral foundations between different cultures. Precision in translation is crucial in cross-cultural research, as discrepancies in meaning can lead to erroneous conclusions about cross-cultural differences. In this article, we present a revised version of the Polish translation of the 30-item MFQ. We believe it more accurately reflects the form and content of the English-language items. Our translation will potentially contribute to more consistent comparisons of moral foundations between Polish-language and other samples of the
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The current article aims at correcting some linguistic inconsistencies between the Polishand English versions of the 30-item Moral Foundations Questionnaire, and to developa revised Polish translation more appropriate for cross-cultural comparison. Researcherswho are not familiar with the Polish language and the English version of the MoralFoundations Questionnaire are likely to miss these inconsistencies between the Englishand Polish versions. These translation issues are of significant interest as the MoralFoundations Questionnaire has been utilized to compare human values across a widerange of cultures. In cross-cultural research, translational precision is important, as dif-ferences of meaning can lead researchers to draw illusory conclusions about differencesbetween cultures. We offer a revised Polish translation of the 30-item Moral FoundationsQuestionnaire, which we believe more accurately represents the meaning and form of theEnglish items. This new translation should facilitate more consistent comparisonsof moral foundations between Polish and Non-Polish populations.
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This article will examine the reception of the concept of paratext from its introduction into the research space by the French literary scholar Gérard Genette to the contemporary practice of paratextual research. Paratext has been annexed in such fields as library science, cultural studies, translation studies, media studies, and linguistics, among others, demonstrating the coherence of typologically diverse objects. At the same time, the concept has undergone a kind of redefinition over the years, widening or narrowing the scope of its use. This regularity is a determinant of the review of the existing literature, with a particular focus on the reception of paratext in linguistic research. Considerations in this area concern the functional aspect of paratexts, which was undertaken by Romualda Piętkowa or Danuta Piekarczyk; the creative nature of the adaptation of G. Genete’s ideas by Iwona Loewe, whose research activities are located both in linguistics (linguistic genealogy) and communication theory (communicology) or media studies; the methodological proposal for the analysis of contemporary cultural texts as paratexts in a linguistic perspective.
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The paper discusses the problem of overabundance in third-conjugation Italian verbs. It provides a detailed diachronic analysis of grammar compilations to examine how verbs with a dual inflectional paradigm were described and how their usage has changed over the centuries. Extensive research into 59 grammar books intended for both native speakers and foreigners published in Italy and abroad form the 16th to the 19th century has shown that overabundance in the third conjugation was mentioned already in the earliest works of this type. Over time the interest in the topic grew even further as scholars explored its various aspects. The reconstruction of grammatical practice throughout centuries has uncovered the evolution of some verbs and their trajectory. In particular, it was possible to trace the development of: 1) verbs whose alternative, stylistically marked, form has become obsolete and exists only as an -isco form in modern Italian (ferire, languire, patire, perire, tradire); 2) verbs whose usage was unstable over centuries, with one form or the other predominating intermittently, until only one remained in use (tossire); and 3) verbs that have maintained a dual inflectional paradigm for the whole analysed period (aborrire, applaudire, assorbire, avvertire, inghiottire, mentire and nutrire).
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The present work aims to illustrate the lexicographical tradition in the field of Romanian Stylistics, focusing on three important dictionaries for any individual interested in this broad interdisciplinary field: Gh. N. Dragomirescu,“Dictionary of Figures of Speech. Basic Terminology forthe Analysis of Poetic Text” (1995), Mihaela Popescu,“Dictionary of Stylistics” (2002) and Mihaela Mancaș, “Dictionary of Stylistics: Poetics, Rhetoric, Narratology, Versification” (2022). Our selection was based on the following criteria: predominantly stylistic terminology, density and relevance of content. A dictionary regardless of its type has a rigorous character and it is used when we need particular scientific information. It is the first bibliographic source we use when we want to know or to clarify the meaning of a word. Dictionaries of Stylistics help us to understand textual mechanisms, to discover the resources of expressiveness and to analyze style in all its complexity.
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