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Since the early 1980s there was an exchange of geographers between the Departments of Geography based on the partnership of both Universities. Because of the existence of a chair of Geography of Eastern Europe at the Faculty of Geosciences of Tübingen University, the first visitors from Warszawa had a focus on this region. Andrzej Bonasewicz started the visits of Polish experts in Latin American geography in Tübingen.
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Jesień jest tą porą roku, która niesie ze sobą melancholię, wspomnienia, tęsknotę, często przygnębienie. Kiedy tak rozmyślam o tym, jak przetrwać ten w sumie smutny okres jesienno-zimowy, z głośników dochodzą do mnie dźwięki muzyki fortepianowej. Właśnie kończy się odbywający się w stolicy XVIII Międzynarodowy Konkurs Pianistyczny im. Fryderyka Chopina, a wraz z konkursem z głośników rozlegają różne interpretacje utworów tego — wyrażając się krótko — muzycznego malarza duszy, prezentowane przez młodych, wspaniałych w tym roku wykonawców.
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The world has been combating the Covid-19 global pandemic for almost a year, with cities being at the centre of the fight against the pandemic. However, variations in urban characteristics, population, economic size, and connectivity have led to different impacts of the pandemic’s dispersion between cities. The pandemic has disrupted social and economic activities in the Java metropolitan area, which accounts for more than 60% of the national economy and boasts a population of more than 60 million people. Using spatial and econometric analysis on the Java metro area as a case study, this paper shows that large cities and core-metropolitan areas are more prone to the pandemic due to higher population density and commuter rate; these factors determine the number of positive cases. This study highlights the importance of spatial and economic activities in urban policies for the containment of the spread of Covid-19.
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Principal curvatures have free-form rigid surfaces’ invariant features. Therefore they are widely used in several fields for various applications, such as determining the corresponding points between an object and a free-form scene. In this study, the authors analysed the surface curvature of a bivariate normal distribution. A novel approach for classifying bivariate normal surfaces based on curvature statistics concerning correlation structures is presented. The principal curvatures, Gaussian, and mean curvatures were obtained using the data generated from the bivariate normal distribution. The degree of dependency bivariate data directly affects the shape and curvature structures of the bivariate normal distribution surface. Different parameters, from uncorrelated to highly correlated variables, for the correlation of the bivariate normal distribution based on the data have been examined. The effects of the correlation on the distribution surface characteristics have been analysed individually and collectively. This study presents theoretical results in addition to the results of the simulation and real datasets. The simulation data presents the relationship between the independence of the variables and the uniformity of the κ_n2 values. The other application is based on the curvature properties of the bivariate normal surface on Covid-19 as real data.
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According to the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS2) level data from Eurostat and the Regional Innovation Scoreboard (RIS), a strong geographical concentration in the field of RDI can be observed in Hungary. Regional disparities are more significant than in most European Union (EU) member countries and have not changed for a long time. The development of regional innovation capacity is a fundamental aspect from an economic policy point of view; therefore, the Hungarian RDI policy considers higher education institutions that play a major role in the region and have a strong knowledge production capacity, as potential key players in knowledge transfer. According to the intervention logic of the introduced new measures, university-based project- and system-level programs launched can have an impact on local actors through several channels. The university’s knowledge base can be exploited, local businesses can increase their competitiveness through access to technology and RDI services, and their innovation performance can be improved. The key result of this study, based on a review of innovation policy measures, is to show how the new programs launched and the new institutions created under this new innovation policy paradigm will contribute to a longer and more sustainable way of reducing regional disparities in RDI capacities and enhance regional innovation performance through their impact on economic development.
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The heterogeneous response of regions to interest rate shocks is a severe issue that reduces the effectiveness of monetary policy. While the impact of interest rate shocks is central on policymaking, less has been discussed about the spatial heterogeneity in influencing macroeconomic policy implementations. In order to fill this gap, the authors explore regional responses to monetary policy in developing countries, such as Turkey. The main aim of the paper is to investigate how different regions adjust the extent of real economic activity in response to an exogenous country-wide shock in the interest rate policy. The analyses cover 81 Turkish provinces using monthly data from January 2009 to November 2019. To consider temporal and spatial patterns in the same framework, time-series analyses via unit root, co-integration, and VAR with spatial methods have been combined, including exploratory spatial data analysis and spatial econometric models. Preliminary findings validate that regional economic activity measured by employment responses is heterogeneous across provinces and policy regimes. Among the different determinants in assessing responsiveness to monetary policy shocks, interest rate, broad credit channels, and certain regional demographics have explanatory power. Moreover, sizeable spatial spillovers have been detected, which are believed to be crucial in evaluating the externalities and the exact impact of the country-wide policy shock in Turkey. Combined results indicate that the macroeconomic policy impact and spatial externalities are visible only during monetary expansion periods.
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The loss in the value of domestic currency could be destabilising in most developing countries. To avoid exchange rate crises, countries intervene in foreign exchange markets. While attempting to measure the exchange market pressure (EMP) that leads to a currency crisis, various studies discovered that international reserve variable alone or its variations perform well in explaining changes in the exchange rate variable in developing economies. However, no study has used foreign reserve adequacy to derive an effective measure in capturing EMP in developing and emerging countries from 2002 to 2017. To measure this phenomenon, this study proposed innovative approaches based on the foreign reserve to import ratio, foreign reserve to short-term external debt ratio, and foreign reserve to broad money ratio. Using a generalised method of moments regression model and a ridge regression model, this study found that the new measures of the EMP index with the reserve variable adjusted for imports and short-term external debt are suitable for identifying EMP in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study recommends the combined use of these innovative approaches because a currency crisis can emanate from any account of a country’s balance of payments.
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There is hitherto no consensus on the measurement of shadow banking phenomena. The differences can be attributed to the various conceptual definitions of the shadow banking system, lack of data, and difficulties of data compilation. This study developed a unique dataset for measuring the size and main structural characteristics of the shadow banking systems of 11 Central and Eastern European Union (EU) member states. Using several publicly available datasets, the authors constructed an annual database for 2004–2019 as a tool to reliably analyse the region’s shadow banking system. To compare these data with those of Western European countries, the study compiled a dataset using the same methodology for three developed Western European countries. The findings show that the size of shadow banking in Central and Eastern European countries relative to their gross domestic product (GDP) is much smaller and its structure significantly different from that in developed EU countries.
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Aviation is paramount in contemporary medium and long-distance transport, and airports are essential junctions in the modern globalised economy. The presence of airports is determinative concerning local regions or areas, and a specific methodology demons-trates its impact on the economy. It allows estimating the direct, indirect, and consequent multiplicative effect of the presence of airports on employment and income more accurately. Thus, it numerically describes the economic significance of certain airports as well. It is not only about quantifying the significant impact of an airport on the local economy; it should also be the extent to which an airline’s presence impacts regional and local economic processes. Besides analysing general methodological issues concerning the impact analysis of airports, this study aims to evaluate the impact of a particular low-cost airline’s flights on the local economy. The basis of our study is the Cluj Avram Iancu International Airport (CLJ) of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, and its dominant airline Wizz Air, which has a distinct impact because of its distance from large international airports. Thus, we can conclude that as a net result at the regional level, the presence of Wizz Air’s Cluj-Napoca flights generates over 4,000 person employment impact besides about 54 million euro income impact on the local economy.
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Within the framework of this study, dealing with the situation of the Abaúj micro-region, the authors would like to answer the question regarding a multiply disadvantaged area with low levels of economic and scientific innovation: whether social innovation can help in solving the problems and could it be the engine of change. To answer this question, the literature of the topic has been reviewed as a first step, and the „smart models”, too, the ones that may be significant or could provide support during the developmental process. In this part, a consequent distinguishing among smart models that can be applied in villages and in larger cities has been applied. Based on the models and field research, the authors formulated a possible smart region model and prepared a network analysis model by the Gephi method, which gives a complete overview of the spatial availability of retail stores. The development and spatial distribution of networks opens up new possibilities. An important question in this new situation: how urban smartness affects the smartness of the region and its villages in their development, whether the multiplicative effect of the cities’ smartness significantly improves the quality of life of those living in the surrounding settlements. The change of the urban-rural relationship creates the conditions for a more liveable city for the cities’ inhabitants and a better quality of life for the residents of the villages; the authors aim to overview this issue within the framework of the study.
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International students have a significant impact on the national economy in numerous fields, which is first and foremost realised in the sectors directly affected by their expenditures. Further, these economic impacts have spillover effects through intersectoral relations. Their patterns are in correlation, inter alia, with the system of supplier networks, the characteristics of products and product groups, and the contributions realised in the fields required to produce goods and services. Accordingly, the effect of one consumption unit is multiplied as it ‘passes through’ through these relations systems, and thus, many other sectors of the economy may also benefit from it beyond the producers and service providers directly involved. To measure these spillover effects, the present study relied on the findings of a questionnaire survey conducted among students in the academic year of 2019/2020 (n=6296 students), the input-output analysis (IOA) published by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (HCSO), and the multipliers calculated based on that as well as other data items of the HCSO. The results showed that in 2020, as a result of international students’ consumption, 213 billion HUF worth of total output and approximately 124 billion worth of gross value-added were generated in the national economy as a whole. Moreover, student consumption also generated imports, amounting to approximately 25 billion HUF. In addition to the above dimensions, the consumption of students generated employment, and thus, income. As a consequence of the spending by the respective groups of international students, approximately 20,000 new jobs were created in the national economy as a whole, and the generated income exceeded 67 billion HUF, of which 53 billion were spent on wages and salaries. The results of the study are beneficial for all those who are affected by the presence of international students, the higher education institutions hosting them, and businesses building on their demands, and in a broad sense, the entire population of the host cities. They can also be useful for decision makers at the national, regional, and local levels.
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In the last two decades of the 15th century, the function of the castellan of Spycimierz was entrusted to the king’s courtiers: Rafał Leszczyński, Mikołaj Bronowski, Mikołaj Lubrański and Jan Jarand Brudzewski. They were members of the court equestrian company that was part of the private court of the kings of Poland. This text is based on analyzed source material, which made it possible to trace their court and clerical careers before and after serving as the castellan of Spycimierz.
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This article presents the initial results of archaeological excavations and research conducted in 2021 on site No. 36 in Spycimierz. An outline of the history of the town and of archaeological works carried out in its part, as well as analysis of topographic transformations in this location are presented in an article A historical outline of topographic changes in area adjacent to the church in Spycimierz published in Volume 10 of ”Biuletyn Uniejowski”. This is why this article is focused on description of the field works carried out and presentation of their results.
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Raksts sniedz padziļinātu ieskatu Baltijas jūras Kurzemes dienvidrietumu piekrastes kā pierobežas režīma ainavas vēsturiskajā attīstībā Aukstā kara periodā. Pētījuma intereses pamatā ir pretruna starp mūsdienās valdošo diskursu, kurā piekrastes ainava tiek vienlaikusattēlota kā 'tradicionāla' un 'dabiska', un retrospektīvo telpisko iztēlošanos, kas piekrasti portretē kā “slēgtu robežas zonu”. Pētījums analītiski iztirzā, kā piekrastes ainava tikusi telpiski, ekoloģiski un sociāli veidota militarizētā robežas režīma un piekrastes vides apstākļu ietekmē un padomju sociālekonomiskā un ideoloģiskā režīma kontekstā. Pētījuma konceptuālo ietvaru veido saikņota telpas veidošanas perspektīva ar fokusu uz cilvēku un ne-cilvēku mijiedarbību un attiecību hibriditāti. Pētījumā telpiski identificētas un lokalizētas dažādas padomju militārajā robežas zonā ietilpstošo Papes, Jūrmalciema un Bernātu apkārtnē notikušās aktivitātes un to izpausmes un pēctecība piekrastes ainavā. Pētījums parāda, ka, par spīti ierobežotajai jūras un krasta pieejamībai un izmantojamībai, piekraste nebija izolēta no plašākiem sociāliem un ekonomiskiem procesiem un vides aizsardzības idejām. Vēl jo vairāk, dažādās sociāli materiālās, tehnoloģiskās, performatīvās un diskursīvās cilvēku un ne-cilvēku (nonhuman) attiecības ir kolektīvi artikulējušas piekrastes ainavu, veidojot tās mūsdienu ģeomorfoloģisko, ekoloģisko, vizuālo un afektīvo daudzveidību, kas sniedzas ārpus binārajiem dalījumiem militārs/civils vai dabisks/piesārņots. Pētījums vērš uzmanību uz telpisko attiecību daudzveidību un hibriditāti, kas iesaistītas piekrastes ainavas ģeogrāfisko nozīmju radīšanā un piekrastes ainavas veidošanā, kur sociālpolitiskā problemātika parādās nevis militāro pēcietekmju dēļ, bet gan mūsdienu diskursīvajos mēģinājumos nodalīt Aukstā kara pagātni no tās ģeogrāfiskā konteksta un kultivēt selektīvu piekrastes ainavas attīstības stāstu.
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Daudzviet Eiropā notiekot pilsētu sarukšanai, urbānās vides kvalitātei ir svarīga loma iedzīvotāju piesaistē vietai. Šī raksta mērķis ir identificēt pilsētvides kvalitātes un pārvaldības aspektus, kas ir nozīmīgi, lai iedzīvotāji apkaimē “justos kā mājās”. Rīgas iedzīvotāji piecās pieostas apkaimēs kā (ne)patīkamākos aspektus tajās ir izcēluši dabas teritorijas, gaisa kvalitāti, sociālo atmosfēru un pakalpojumus, tie analizēti, izmantojot kopējo resursu pieeju. Rezultāti rāda, ka patīkamāko apkaimju aspektu – dabas teritoriju daudzumu – potenciāli samazinās plānotā dzīvojamā un industriālā apbūve. Savukārt atšķirīgi vides kvalitātes normatīvi dzīvojamās un rūpnieciskajās teritorijās izraisa pretrunas gaisa kā kopējā resursa pārvaldībā. Pētījums rāda, ka pilsētas attīstības politika ir kopējo resursu galvenais ietekmes faktors. Vienlaikus iedzīvotājiem kā kopējo resursu lietotājiem ir mazākas iespējas ietekmēt lēmumus nekā industriālās puses pārstāvjiem, un lēmumu pieņemšana par kopējiem resursiem nenotiek apkaimju līmenī.
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Rakstā tiek pētīts Rīgas iekšpagalmu atveids padomju posma filmās laikā no 1945. līdz 1990. gadam. Pētījumā apskatītās 525 hronikas un spēlfilmas raksturo mikrorajonu būvniecības gaitu, kā arī atklāj pavisam jaunu pilsētas struktūru – lielus pagalmus, ap kuriem ir izvietota daudzstāvu apbūve. Lai novērtētu iekšpagalmu tehnisko stāvokli un simbolisko lomu padomju Rīgā, pētījumā tiek izmantots filmēšanas vietas, filmas naratīva un kinematogrāfisko paņēmienu apraksts.Filmu satura analīze atklāj, ka dzīvojamās ēkas mikrorajonos ir bieži attēlotas padomju kino, savukārt iekšpagalmu atveids filmās ir ierobežots. No gandrīz neesošas dzīvojamā rajona sastāvdaļas 20. gs. 40. un 50. gados un “paslēpta” mikrorajona kopuma 20. gs. 60. un 70. gados iekšpagalmu loma kinematogrāfiskajā atveidā tiek nostiprināta, sākot ar 20. gs. 80. gadiem. Pētījums atklāj, ka nelielais iekšpagalmu atveids filmās liecina par sarežģītajiem ārtelpas filmēšanas aspektiem.
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Ziņās par vardarbību Latvijas tiešsaistes medijos ik pa laikam parādās dzīvnieki. Lai labāk izprastu, kāda ir dzīvnieku loma šajā kontekstā, tika atlasīti un analizēti 73 raksti un 220 lasītāju komentāri. Vardarbīgu uzvedību bieži vien skata kā pretēju cilvēciskumam, un dzīvnieki, dzīvnieciskums palīdz veidot morāles robežas, vērtības un zināšanas. Metaforas, salīdzinājumi un arī konteksts, kādos dzīvnieki tiek pieminēti, veido nošķīrumu starp cilvēkiem un dzīvniekiem, bet arī starp dažādām cilvēku grupām. Tajā pašā laikā dzīvniekiem un dzīvnieciskumam ir saliedējošā, empātiskā puse, kuru var izmantot nevardarbīgas uzvedības veicināšanā un zināšanu stiprināšanā par vardarbības novēršanu.
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Sumbri šodienas ainavā Papes apkārtnē ir daļa no lielo zālēdāju (re) introdukcijas projekta, kas tika īstenots 21. gadsimta pašā sākumā un kura iecere bija saistīta ar jaunas savvaļas ainavas veidošanu marginālās lauksaimniecības zemēs Papes Dabas parkā. Nejaušības un dažādu apstākļu sakritību rezultātā sumbri izkļuva no aploka un pamazām pielāgojās dzīvei savvaļā. No vienas puses, rakstā uzmanība tiek pievērsta sumbru tapšanai par savvaļas dzīvniekiem un ar to saistītiem notikumiem un dažādām mijattiecībām, kuras noteica gan nacionāla mēroga pārmaiņas sociāli ekonomiskajā situācijā, konfliktējošie dabas diskursi un to ietekme, gan lokāla mēroga zemes apsaimniekošanas konflikti un vietējo iedzīvotāju attieksme. No otras, rakstā tiek aplūkota izpratne par sumbru vietu Latvijas ainavā vēsturiski un šodien, interpretēta sabiedrības līdzdalība šīs izpratnes potenciāla veidošanā un īstenošanā un vispārināts Papes piemērs etnoainavas vērtību kontekstā. Cilvēka-sumbra attiecību aspekti ir aplūkoti Delēza un Gvatari “trīs veida dzīvnieku” un tapšanas jēdziena kontekstā, analizējot dažādas cilvēka idejas par sumbriem un to reprezentāciju, kā arī konkrētu vietas apstākļu un notikumu lomu sumbru savvaļas ainavas veidošanā Papes apkārtnē.
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