Андрей Плигузов. Текст-кентавр о сибирских самоедах.
Review of: Andrey Pliguzov. "Текст-кентавр о сибирских самоедах." M. ; Newtonville: Archaeological Center, 1993. - 160 p. by: Tatjana Aleksandrovna Kruglova
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Review of: Andrey Pliguzov. "Текст-кентавр о сибирских самоедах." M. ; Newtonville: Archaeological Center, 1993. - 160 p. by: Tatjana Aleksandrovna Kruglova
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The list contains separate book publications (reviews on them are included), professional papers published in journals, and informative articles on activities dealing with given subject. Because this list is developed for the journal ,,Rossica“ with research character, popular educational articles, memoirs, correspondence and small press information are not included. Even the essays dealing only with literary critical analysis of the separate emigre authors were not comprised. Their subject goes beyond given theme.
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Пространство художественного мира в качестве важнейшего компонента имеет систему топосов. Топос, локальное пространство, имеющее географические и культурные границы, характеризующееся семантической определенностью, как и система топосов, выдвигается сознанием эпохи, как некая доминантная ценность, как сфера проявления общеколлективного интереса, как средоточие жизненных и духовных тенденций коллектива, как модель национального мира.1) Система топосов достаточно подвижна; та или иная эпоха выдвигает на первый план те или иные топосы, хотя, естественно, в каждом национальном сознании, в каждой картине мира есть топосы, занимающие устойчивое центральное положение в течение длительного времени, как, например, Петербург в XIX веке; претерпевают метаморфозы отношения между топосами, т.е. претерпевает метаморфозы их система; меняются принципы их художественного воплощения. Так, для русской культуры того же XIX века помимо топоса Петербурга принципиально значимы топосы Москвы, Кавказа, Италии, постепенно вытесняемой Парижем, деревни, первоначально представляющей центр пересечения природного и социального мироустройства (традиция сентиментализма), со временем разделившейся на „дворянские гнезда“ и собственно деревню (крестьянский мир); с Гоголя в центр художественного мира начинает выдвигаться топос губернского города. Короче говоря, топос, как и система топосов, - одна из важнейших структурно-семантических единиц как индивидуального художественного текста, так и художественного текста культурно-исторической эпохи. Система топосов - это та система опор, которая держит на себе картину мира произведения, картину мира художника. Не менее значимо и отсутствие в художественной картине мира тех или иных географических регионов; Прибалтика, например, несмотря на ливонские повести Бестужева-Марлинского или языковский Дерпт и т.д., в русском культурном сознании XIX века весьма периферийна.
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Rusyn (Ruthenian) movement which is presently on the rise has already refuted quite widespread idea about the final decision of the question of ethnic self-identification of the local East-Slavonic population in Eastern Slovakia and Transcarpathian Ukraine. When after the final collapse of the Communist system imposed from above ethnic self-identification ceased to be the only option more than 50% of Ukrainians living in the Eastern Slovakia rejected their official Ukrainian identity and preferred to identify themselves as Rusyns reviving their traditional ethnic name and set of values. The latest available data from March, 1991 demonstrate that at that time 17,197 inhabitants of the Northern-Eastern region of Slovakia identified themselves as Rusyns while only 13,284 persons indicated themselves as Ukrainians. Speaking about the essence of Ruthenian problem at the time being P.R.Magocsi in his report at the First World Congress of Rusyns which took place in Medzilaborce, March 23-24, 1991 stressed that Rusyns (with one possible exception of the Rusyns in Vojevodina) cannot be still regarded as a separate people but „the question about whether Rusyns have to become a separate original nation or simply a part of any other nation is the essence of so-called „Rusyn problem”. Active work on codification of Rusyn dialects and creation of their own literary language, persistent regeneration of specific Rusyn symbols of the past, strong criticism of the socialist period when the mere existence of Rusyns was completely denied - all these are characteristic features of the modem Rusyn movement. It testifies to the fact that Rusyn mentality in spite of intensive campaign of Ukrainization conducted by both Soviet and Czechoslovak Communists from the beginning of the 1950’s proved to be rather viable and deep-rooted. The character of the present Rusyn movement which upholds the idea of Rusyns as the fourth separate Eastern Slavonic people different from Ukrainians has its roots in the First Czechoslovak Republic. Therefore, the period of the interwar Czechoslovakia in the framework of which separate Rusyn stream had emerged is of crucial importance for understanding the reasons and preconditions of such development. The emergence of the particular Rusyn identity different from both Russophiles and Ukrainophiles was the final outcome of the contradictory and intricate interplay of the numerous political, cultural and social factors as well as some interesting peculiarities of the internal policy of interwar Czechoslovak elite. The most important of these factors will be considered in this article.
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In this study, it is aimed to investigate and design the methodological foundations for the development of practical tasks in geography based on the effectiveness approach. The research was carried out in the spring semester of 2021–2022. The study with the participation of 360 secondary school students was conducted in a quantitative research model. In the study, 4 weeks of geography and activity training were given to the group of participants. In order to collect data, the ‘effectiveness approach’ data collection tool developed by the researchers was used in the study. The data collection tool used in the research was delivered to the students and collected by the online method . The analysis of the data was carried out using the SPSS programme; frequency analysis was carried out using t-test and the results obtained were added to the study accompanied by tables. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the group of participants had methodological foundations for the development of practical tasks in geography based on the effectiveness approach.
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COVID-19 mortality rates (number of deaths / infected) of the Hungarian LAU 1 Districts are statistically modelled in this paper, with feature variables describing the general health conditions and the state of in- and outpatient care of the districts. Our data sources are the databases of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office and statements of the National Health Insurance Fund Management (NHIFM). Variables represent the year 2019, as it is the year preceding the global pandemic that started in 2020. Variables from the NHIFM statements describing inpatient care are large in volume, so they are incorporated in our model with the help of clustering. The unfavourable mortality rates of Hungary in international comparison, during the second and third waves of the pandemic highlight the need to investigate the regional differences of the Hungarian COVID-19 mortality indices. Exploring the reasons of regional differences are helping us in understanding the reasons behind the high country-level COVID-19 mortality. Novelty of this paper, compared to previous research, is the creation of a formal statistical model for Hungarian COVID-19 mortality on a district level, using variables describing both the general health conditions and the state of in- and outpatient care of the districts. Our results highlight the connection between the number of nurses at general practitioner services per ten thousand people and the COVID-19 mortality rates at the districts of Hungary. In the districts with a higher than the national average workload at hospitals in active inpatient care and other departments, the number of nurses has a significant negative effect on COVID-19 mortality. This effect cannot be observed in the rest of the districts.
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The world of scientific research has already covered the study of emigration from Hungary from many aspects and on many topics. At the same time, an important aspect of the phenomenon is the study of daily life of Hungarians who have already emigrated. Crossing the border is only one type of border that a migrant has to face, and he or she can be thoroughly prepared for such acrossing. However, upon arrival, the individual is forced to “cross other kinds of boundaries” in many ways, may these be normative or customary boundaries. Slow adaptation to the new environment, spatial images of this environment, associations are formed; what areas, what groups of people will be the ones you will try to avoid, which mental boundaries you associate with, and which territories you are most attracted to. The aim of the study is to present the mental boundaries and associations of Hungarians living in London in relation to their environment and their “homeland”, Hungary, and to those who remained home. The world-urban environment and diversity have an intensive effect on the way of life of the Hungarians living here. Hungarians arriving to London are affected by significantly different effects. The clusters identified during the data analysis show that Hungarians in London do not form a homogeneous group.They have different mental boundaries in relation to their London environment and also to the motherland, towards the people who live there.
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Materials in urban areas in the form of buildings and infrastructure networks have the potential to be recycled and thus partially substitute primary raw material sources. The method presented in this study is suitable for determining the mass and material composition of the building stock and its spatial distribution, based on a combination of material intensity factors specific to the building structure and different building types. The characterisation of the whole building stock requires the linking of geographic information system (GIS) data bases for building age and use types, to which specific material in-tensity factors depending on the building type should be assigned. At the metropolitan level, the building stock may consist of up to hundreds of thousands of units, and a trade-off between feasibility and accuracy can be made by introducing and applying the concept of synthetic buildings. Based on the sample area survey, the 490 buildings to be taken into account are calculated to have asynthetic volume of 9.3 million m³ and a total material stock of 3674 kilotonnes. The results demonstrate that the methodology presented can be used to establish there source inventory necessary for the continuous monitoring of the building stock and for a better understanding of urban material flows and stocks (together: urban metabolism).
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The main goal of our research is to identify the factors that affected the income situation of the population of Somogy County bet-ween 2012 and 2019, as the identification of the determinants of income can contribute to the success of settlement development programmes, rural catching-up and local economic development. The development of geographically delimited and underdeveloped areas is an important governmental and EU objective. Our research may help in highlighting important points where intervention can help the rise of Somogy, a county that has been disadvantaged in terms of income for decades. We used the TeIR database for our analysis.Using panel regression (fixed effects and Driscoll–Kraay standard errors model), we found that changes in the working age population, presence of entrepreneurs and unemployment rate have the largest impact on the change in the real income of the population. Our main result from the models is that subsidies from the European Union and households’ real income are independent from each other. The growth of these subsidies have no significant effect on the household incomes in Somogy County, have no multiplier effect. We also found, using a Markov matrix, that the probability of a municipality significantly improving its income situation was very low over the period under study.
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Suburbanization is one of the most defining processes of the post-socialist urban development. According to Czech, Slovak, and Polish examples, the process is differentiated at the sub-municipal level as much as at the municipal level. A typical case is when suburbanization occurs in villages previously attached to cities and their associated agricultural areas and scattered settlements. This study aims to prove the existence of the phenomenon in Hungary based on an empirical field survey and by analysing national statistical data. The outskirts and other inner areas of the agglomerations took on a significant population number in the surroundings of mid-size and large cities. In many cases, the population growth of the cities is entirely linked to such settlements, at the same time in many suburban villages only one of each settlement area has been affected by the influx. The basic trends and driving forces are similar to the foreign examples, furthermore, in Hungary, too, the process has been partly covered up in statistics by its certain features, so its significance in our country may be greater than previously assumed by the literature.
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The effectiveness of development depends to a large extent on whether development resources are allocated to the right place and in the right amounts, and whether their real impact is measured (monitoring). It is advisable to develop a composite statistical method reflecting development that can identify the most important elements at municipal level that influence development in positive or negative directions. In order to do this, the authors have developed a complex expert system, by taking an objective view of the situation and setting up a monitoring system. Following the methodology,the paper presents the results of a spatial analysis of municipalities in terms of their development and evolution, or a combination of both. The methodology developed by the authors (spatial benchmarking) uses a combination of static and dynamic tests.
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The second decade of the 21st century maybe considered the childhood of local currencies in Hungary. The use of five Hungarian local currencies (negotiable vouchers) starting with the issuance of Sopron Kékfrank in2010 has brought up such „children’s diseases” which may serve as a lesson to be learned for future local currencies. The first part considers the macroeconomic embeddedness of a local currency, while the second part examines the micro economic aspects of the relation of local product – local currency in the cases of Kékfrank of Sopron, Bocskai Korona of Hajdúnánás, which are the oldest and most successful lo cal currencies and the Balatoni Korona. Our study analyzes the use of local currencies as alternative financial systems more than 10 years after the 2008 global economic crisis. The basic hypothesis of the analyses is that localisation of finances along with the localisation of the area’s real economy may be found in the spatial patterns of the utilization of the alternative financial means, too. In the chosen cases of local currencies, the spatial distribution of issuers and acceptors at settlement level, the number and concentration of acceptors and the heterogeneity and clusterisation in the accepting area have been studied with the use of spatial autocorrelation indicator.It has been found that the majority of accepting places are in a very concentrated area (around the issuer), some further acceptors may be found in the middle zone, and between a 40-80 kilometers distance the number of accepting places increases again. This spatial distribution does not follow the one of a typical local product.
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The study, briefly highlights the role of the turnover of micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises (hereinafter: SMEs) in the economic development of the country and its regions, in the development of the competitiveness. As a next step it examines the sales revenue changes of the SMEs by sections of the national economy on district level, then identifies the most significant sections in respect of SMEs sales revenue changes and examines the regional differences in the turnover of SMEs at district level. The authors examine the sectoral differences in the turnover of SMEs by using different territorial analysis methods. In the chapter on economic fields of force, we analyse the extent to which the economic power of districts is influenced by the turnover per employee of the SMEs operating in the district as well as by local factors unrelated to the former consideration. In the competitiveness analysis chapter, after presenting the breakdown method, the districts are represented according to their competitiveness categories,then the district’s economic strength and the SMEs’ competitiveness are compared. A summary concludes the study where the main findings of the authors support the conclusion formulated by well-known regional development experts, according to which the application of a development policy that takes into account the local characteristics of each regional level is a key factor in increasing territorial growth and competitiveness.
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In the current economy, cross-border competition between countries and regions for skilled workers is intensifying, and technological and social transformations also have a significant impact on employment. These processes have generated different spatial patterns in the European Union and in Hungary. Therefore, from both a scientific and a policy making point of view, it is current to examine the structure of the Hungarian labour market and its changes, as well as to determine how specialised our NUTS3 counties are regarding employment. Consequently, the present study aimed to examine the sectoral, geographical, and temporal characteristics of the NUTS3 level labour market structure between 2001 and 2016, based on the Hungarian Standard Classification of Occupations. Thus, with the help of the location quotient, the Theil index, and Shift-share analysis, we explored the employment peculiarities of the counties of Hungary and their transformations. The main message of the research is that the change in the structure of the labour market is a slower process, in which the existence of geographical differences and the effects of local, regional processes are more pronounced than general structural changes. Therefore, in the future, place-based, bottom-up and integrated development can compensate for frictional or structural unemployment resulting from possible economic changes and shocks.
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The study presents the process of catching up of persons excluded from the primary labour market who participated in the subsidised adult education of public workers in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County between 2016 and 2020, and analyses the success of the training courses based on job placement indicators. The training of public workers enables participants to complete the basic education they have previously abandoned, and accelerates and improves their employability through labour market training and new vocational qualifications. In line with the uneven distribution of public workers across the county,the number of trainees also varies significantly from one area to another, but this is also strongly influenced by the concentration of training in district centres and the different labour market supply.The authors used data provided by the Ministry of Innovation and Technology on the number and distribution of training courses for public workers over the period under review, and conducted a primary survey between September 2019 and June 2021, using a questionnaire to explore the life circumstances, motivations and success rates of 1,285 trainees. However, successful completion of the courses did not necessarily have the expected labour market impact, as a higher proportion of public workers returned to the secondary labour market or became jobseekers after gaining the new qualification. Thus, they have not managed to break out of the triangle defined by the status of 'job-seeker-public worker-student in subsidised adult education'. This shows that they need a significant and complex effort to find a job in the primary labour market, and in many cases, attending training has become more important to them than using it to move on.The main objective of the research is to describe the main characteristics, motivations and internal and external barriers to employment of participants in public work training. In their research, the authors considered the geographical location and the hierarchy of municipalities within the county as a crucial aspect to identify inequalities. From secondary databases, they extracted the main characteristics of the training population and the spatial differences in job placement in the primary and secondary labour markets. Their primary survey, based on questionnaires, also allowed a detailed description of the characteristics of those taking part in training and of the barriers to finding a job.
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In today's digitalising global economy, competition between regions and municipalities is increasingly intensifying across national borders. In addition, two events have occurred in recent decades that have had a major impact on the global economy. One was the global financial and economic crisis, the other the Covid-19 pandemic with its social and economic challenges. In the period between the-se shocks, the world experienced a relative economic recovery, but it can be seen that the competitiveness of the regions concerned and its analysis over time is important in the post-crisis recovery. This is no different in the United States, the European Union and,within that, Hungary. It can be concluded that regional ‘realised competitiveness’ between 2010 and 2019 in Hungary has shown a spatially different and distinctive geographical pattern that needs to be analysed. Therefore, the aim of the study is to examine the geographical pattern of regional ‘realised competitiveness’ and income divergence in Hungary between 2010 and 2019 and to shed light on some aspects and linkages. The author has formulated research questions to detect spatial and social processes and applied mathematical statistical and geoinformatics methods to answer them. The study concludes that there are significant spatial differences in the performance of areas and the income of their inhabitants, which were affected differently by various economic, spatial and social factors between 2010 and 2019.There is both a narrowing of spatial disparities and a widening of geographically differentiated income gaps in society. However, the changes that took place between 2010 and2019 are also reflected in the spatial pattern and context of the regional ‘ realised competitiveness’ of districts.
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Burzenland (Terra Barcensis) is a historical and ethnographic region on the border of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, in the south-eastern part of Transylvania, in the geographical centre of Romania. Data series regarding the settlements of Burzenland coming from written documents and administrative sources have been summarized on maps. With the help of maps, the formation of the settlement system of this area and the changes in administration can be traced from the 1200s to 1876. During this period, the traditional system of counties-seats-regions operated in Transylvania. This spatial organization formed the spatial framework for social and economic processes for half a millennium, until the final abolition of the system. During the Habsburg Empire period, the administration was reorganized between 1784–1790 and 1850–1860. The level of districts comprising several counties, seats and regions was organized according to political and economic aspects. Territorial units that are heterogeneous in ethnic, denominational, social, often economic, and natural interests served the interests of the centralizing power. The present study describes the characteristics of the administrative system of the county-seat-region of Burzenland that has been operating for half a millennium. We summarized the geographical features of the Barcaság, the subsequent Brassó/Braşov region administration, in the period from 1200to 1876.
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In the context of climate change challenges,the issue of climate concerns has also come to the spotlight. However, there is still limited information in the literature on settlements and their societies in Central and Eastern Eu-rope. We assume that in-depth local analysis of climate concerns is topical and missing,especially in post-socialist regions where a delayed emergence characterises the development of environmental awareness due to a specific historical past. Our study's aim and novelty are to explore climate change issues at the municipal level, which are becoming increasingly important in Hungary. During their research relying on the summary of the relevant literature, the authors conducted a questionnaire survey (N=512) in Debrecen,Hungary's second-most populous city and in selected settlements of Hajdú-Bihar County in 2020. During the statistical analysis, chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were applied to identify significant differences between the responses of different respondents and the variables that affect the level of concern. During their investigation, the authors focused on the different meanings of the terms „global warming” and „climate change”. Based on their results, they show that risk perceptions are widespread in terms of climate change, but the public is not yet sufficiently climate conscious in everyday practice.
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U knjigama o putovanjima na egzotična mjesta »mi« smo uvijek suprotstavljeni »njima« - taj odnos rijetko potiče na pohvale. Putopisi iz antike i srednjega vijeka uglavnom pripadaju vrsti »mi smo dobri, a oni su loši« - a najčešće, »mi smo dobri, a oni su užasni«. Biti stranac značilo je biti abnormalan, stranost se često predstavljalo kao tjelesnu abnormalnost; ustrajnost tih prikaza čudovišnih naroda, »ljudi kojima glava raste ispod pazuha« (Otelo), antropofaga, kiklopa i sličnih ilustrira nam zapanjujuću lakovjernost prošlih vremena. No čak i ta lakovjernost imala je granica. Kršćanska kultura lakše je vjerovala u postojanje čudovišnog nego savršenog ili gotovo savršenog. I tako, dok su se kraljevstva čudovišta iz stoljeća u stoljeće pojavljivala na zemljovidima, uzorne narode možemo naći samo u putopisima u utopiju - to jest, nikamo.
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Geographical indications (GIs) represent the intellectual property rights, which protection could play a significant role in the increasing regional and national trade. The paper reveals the impact of protected GIs on international trade and provides certain recommendations for Russia. There is an evident gap in the study of the GIs effect on the development of trade links, especially for Russian enterprises. The paper applies the gravity model of trade and tests three hypotheses, whether the more protected geographical indications both exporting and importing countries have, the higher the volume of export of GI protected goods going out of this particular country and whether the existence of a trade agreement with specific provisions on the GIs protection increases trade between its members. The findings support one hypothesis that the more protected GIs the exporting country has, the higher the volume of exports of GI protected goods. Based on this result, we analyse the current situation of the GIs protection in Russia and indicate the positive trends in development of the national legislation and modern challenges in the implementation of GIs protection for the national development. The federal and regional support as well as the changes in the business strategies could lead to an increase in the Russian competitiveness. GIs could encourage the brand origin and promote the Russian products on the foreign markets.
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