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Humiliations: Middle Eastern middle class and the war in Ukraine

Author(s): Mahnaz Zahirinejad / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The dominant view towards the Middle East is that the region is stuck in the past and plagued by conflict. Therefore, it was anticipated that Middle Eastern states would take a side in the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Despite expressing sympathy for Ukrainians due to their own experiences of humiliation caused by several wars, the Middle Eastern people and states remained cautious and chose to avoid getting involved in the conflict. It seems that the view of the Middle Eastern middle class had an influence on state decision-making regarding involvement in the war in Ukraine. Considering the rise of an educated middle class in the region, it can be hypothesized that the middle class’s priority is political-economic instability rather than engaging in further wars. The objective of this research is to comprehensively understand the Middle Eastern middle class’s viewpoint on war.

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ARGUMENTATIVE INDICATORS IN THE ADJUDICATION OF RUSSIA–UKRAINE DISPUTE. A PRAGMA–DIALECTICAL STUDY

Author(s): Marta Strukowska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The context of Russia–Ukraine war has given sufficient reasons to consider any standpoint of argumentation significant and potentially groundbreaking in dealing withthreat and conflict. This article reports the findings of a pragma–dialectical study of ar-gumentative indicators in the adjudication of a Russia–Ukraine dispute which mark thejudgement–based understanding and arguments–infused processes that give solid groundsto establish the strategy of dealing with war. Linguistic choices in the form of argumenta-tive indicators constitute keystones in the critical discussion, allowing the reconstructionand identification of speech act moves that are to be found in the patterned route of argu-mentation. As this analysis shows, the organisation of FTAs parameters and propositionalattitude indicators significantly contribute to the sequentiality and complementariness ofthe argumentation process which proves to be highly effective and reasonable. Given thespecificity of an adjudication as a type of a genre, its judiciary contextualisation, and leg-islative power, it is suggested that this argumentative practice makes for a threat and riskmanagement strategy.

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Prawo karne Ukrainy w realiach wojny (2022–2023). Odpowiedź na wyzwania

Author(s): WOŁODYMYR BURDIN,MARJANA SZUPJANA / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

The maintenance of martial law, as well as the realities of life during war, require the legislator’s response it in various areas of life, in particular in matters of regulation of criminal and legal relations. In this respect, a significant number of changes and additions were made to the Criminal Code of Ukraine in response to the challenges that arose in connection with the war. In particular, new types of crimes were introduced (e.g. collaboration – Article 1111), the statutory features of several of the existing ones were modified (e.g. Article 361), and sanctions for certain crimes were increased if they were committed during martial law (e.g. Article 111 item 2).

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ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ ЕТНОСТЕРЕОТИПІВ У ЛІНГВОСВІДОМОСТІ УКРАЇНЦІВ ПІД ЧАС РОСІЙСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ (НА МАТЕРІАЛІ ЛЕКСЕМИ ,,НІМЕЧЧИНА”)

Author(s): Natalia V. Kondratenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 02/2023

The article presents the results of a linguistic experiment, which consisted in determining the stereotypical perception of the lexeme “Germany” by Ukrainian refugees who found themselves outside Ukraine after Russia’s full-scale invasion. The dynamics of stereotypical ideas about Germany before moving to it and after their immediate stay were traced. This aspect of research was based on the methods of associative experiment and cluster analysis. As a result, the main thematic groups of stereotypical ideas about Germany present in the linguistic consciousness of Ukrainian refugees were identified. These are values, food and drinks, social sphere, attitude to the country, culture, production, people, war, refugees, locality, and nature. In conclusion, we can say that because of the forced emigration of Ukrainians, ethnic heterostereotypes are transformed into autostereotypes, and the content of thematic groups and the semantic meanings of the toponym “Germany” indicate cor- responding changes.

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System międzynarodowy i jego perspektywy w kontekście wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiej – między monocentryzmem a policentryzmem

Author(s): Konrad Świder / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

This article is an attempt to outline the conditions of shaping the future inter-national system. An important element of this process is the ongoing war in Ukraine, initiated by Russia. However, the key area that may decisively deter-mine the shape of the future international order is the Indo-Pacific region. Cur-rently, the hegemon in the world and the strongest (super)power since the end of the Cold War (1991) has been the United States, which has vital interests not only in the oceans, but also in Eurasia, especially in Europe. Meanwhile, in Asia, a strong competitor is emerging for America – China, intending to undermine American dominance in the Central and Eastern Pacific. India, the most pop-ulous country in the world and a dynamically developing power in the Indian Ocean, is becoming an autonomous power that defines its interests regardless of the infl uence of the West and China. In turn, Russia appears to be a fad-ing power, weakening not only in a result of war in Ukraine. Nevertheless, today we can observe the process of polycentrization of the international system progressing with changing dynamics.

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„Plan Marshalla” dla Ukrainy

Author(s): Olga Wasiuta / Language(s): Polish Issue: 86/2023

Russia’s horrific aggressive war against Ukraine is causing immense human suffering, destruction of critical infrastructure, and hundreds of billions of dollars in damage. The international community stands by Ukraine and is determined to support its reconstruction and modernisation towards a sustainable, democratic and prosperous future, in line with its European path. The new Marshall Plan will fundamentally transform post-Soviet Ukraine and will allow for a new Ukraine to be built, forever moving away from the outdated technologies inherited from the ‘Soviet’ era.

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Idealized Influence of President Volodymyr Zelensky

Author(s): Andrzej Demczuk / Language(s): English Issue: 86/2023

This article examines the leadership of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky. It applies three features of Bernard M. Bass’s concept of idealized influence of transformational leadership: high ethical conduct, collective sense of mission, and perception of confidence. The author considers the results of the analysis and explains why these findings are important. While the study covers the political-scientific analysis of President Zelensky’s leadership, its particular novelty lies in the use of Bass’s theory of transformational leadership, formulated on the basis of management and organization science.

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MPS FROM THE WEST POMERANIAN PROVINCE ON POLISH MIGRATION POLICY. ANALYSIS BASED ON SUBMITTED INTERPELLATIONS IN THE 9TH TERM OF THE PARLIAMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND

Author(s): Marzenna Giedrojć / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The statutory right of a deputy to submit interpellations is provided for in the Rules of Procedure of the Polish Parliament as well as in the Act on the Exercise of the Manda- te of a Depute and Senator. The aim of the paper is to analyse Poland’s migration policy in 2019–2023 in the context of interpellations submitted by MPs. In substance, they covered three areas of migration policy: the creeping refugee crisis in the EU and its consequences for Poland, the conflict on the external border of the European Union, which is the Polish-Belarusian border, and Russian aggression against Ukraine and the resulting mass presence of Ukrainians as war refugees in Poland. The analysis showed that in the period in question, Poland does not have a comprehensive migration strategy. In situations of inflow of large numbers of foreigners, de- cisions of the Polish government are made ad hoc and confirm the thesis that the PiS government is unable to cope with new migration challenges. The source basis of the analysis are interpella- tions submitted by MPs from the West Pomeranian Province addressed to the Prime Minister, the Minister of Internal Affairs and Administration and the Minister of Education and Science. They are supplemented by laws and extensive literature on the subject.

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The evolution of the European Union’s eastern neighbourhood since the Russia-Ukraine war

Author(s): Tomasz Stępniewski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This concise paper explores the intricate relationship between the dynamics of the European Union and Russia’s interests in Europe, emphasizing the advantages perceived by Russia in a weakened EU. The paper is comprised of three sections: firstly, it examines the collapse of the Soviet Union and its impact on newly independent states, establishing the geopolitical landscape. The subsequent section traces Russia’s foreign policy leading to the 2022 conflict with Ukraine, with a focus on Ukraine’s pivotal role as a geopolitical flashpoint. The final section explores the dynamics of the RussiaUkraine war, specifically addressing the European Union’s role in security. The paper concludes by addressing the 2022 escalation, marked by Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, highlighting the imperative of understanding Ukraine’s status as a geopolitical flashpoint. Overall, the paper contributes to a nuanced comprehension of the evolving geopolitical landscape, its implications for regional stability, and international relations.

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Absencja usprawiedliwiona? O kilku wątkach nieobecnych na wystawie Ukraina. Wzajemne spojrzenia

Author(s): Marcin Dębicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (20)/2022

The aim of this article is to analyse the content of the exhibition Ukraine. A different angle on neighbourhood, presented in Cracow from September 2021 to January 2022, aimed at identifying exemplary themes that would have significantly enriched the educational and informational dimension of this exhibition, but for various reasons did not make it into it. Exemplary absences included the regional differentiation of Ukraine, the historical-independence status of Galicia, the demographic decline of Poland’s neighbours from across the river Bug, the importance of the Cossacks in the context of the 17th-century problems of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the place of the “Vistula” action in the consciousness of Poles. A separate point is devoted to the absence of the motif of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) and the Volhynian massacre from the exhibition, indicating – also through references to the declarations of people involved in the creation of the exhibition – why this motif was to be expected, and proposing a way in which this motif could have been creatively presented. Although the essence of the considerations is to indicate points which would enrich the school knowledge of the primarily Polish audience of the exhibition in relation to the framework of Ukrainian identity (identities) and the Polish-Ukrainian neighbourhood, in its essence the article does not prejudge the necessity to take up the aforementioned motifs, nor does it constitute a closed list of topoi which would be crucial in determining such a framework.

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The transformation of social work in Ukraine before and during the war

Author(s): Jaroslaw R. Romaniuk,Hanna Mamzer,Kathleen Farkas / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Background: This article aims to review the development of the social work profession in Ukraine and to describe the impact of social, economic and political changes on social work practices and education. Methods: A comprehensive literature review and participant observation methods informed this study. A case study of a Polish community’s response to Ukrainian war refugees illustrates how social workers might capitalize on current social structures to continue strengthening civil society in Ukraine. Findings and Discussion: Social Work, focusing on the fit between person and environment, is shaped by knowledge, culture and belief systems. Ukraine’s history and transition from communist/centralized thinking to civil society is reflected in the development of social work to date. The impact of Russian invasions has hindered and strengthened how social workers can recognize and respond to needs. Limitations include the time lag between published articles and the rapidly changing situation in Ukraine. Originality/Value: Few articles focus on social work development in Ukraine, which adds to this article’s originality and relevance.

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APLIKACJE MOBILNE NA FRONCIE WOJNY ROSYJSKO-UKRAIŃSKIEJ

Author(s): JACEK MEISSNER / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

Modern warfare, like other areas of social life, is becoming increasingly digitalised. Software and mobile devices are also widely used for military purposes. From its very beginning in 2014, the Russian- -Ukrainian conflict was linked with the introduction of innovative solutions based on new technologies The research problem is the role of mobile applications in modern armed conflict, and the objective of the research was to overview mobile applications in the Russian-Ukrainian War and outlines the impact of the use of this type of tools on military capabilities, and in general on national security. The analysis confirms the hypothesis that the usage of mobile applications in modern armed conflict is not critical to military success, but is an important factor, a multiplier of “hard” capabilities, particularly in terms of situational awareness and communications, and the security of citizens and their support for the armed forces. The subjects of research are both typically military applications (in particular in the C4ISR field, e.g. BMS systems), semi-amateur software used by the military and tools for civilians. On the Ukrainian side, they are often effect of work of volunteers, start-ups, the military itself, and are also developed under the Brave1 defence technology cluster specially established for this purpose. Mobile applications are understood as a software for mobile devices (mainly smartphones and tablets). In addition, the devices themselves can be military or publicly accessible. The author draws conclusions from the use of mobile applications in wartime conditions, as well as leans into the issue of such applications on Polish soil. The author relies on the analysis of publicly available sources (mainly Ukrainian and Russian), most of which appeared after 2022. The number of scientific publications on this topic is limited. In the author's opinion, this issue deserves further research, as in future conflicts the use of mobile applications will be widespread and with an ever-increasing impact on military operations and the protection of civilians.

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Miejskie cmentarze

Author(s): Magdalena Szpecht / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

Since 24th February, when Russia commenced an unprovoked broadscale invasion of Ukraine, Mariupol suffered more than any other big city in the country. A significant part of Mariupol has been razed to the ground with bombs, rockets, missiles, and shells. Russian attacks impeded evacuation and for weeks tens of thousands of people sought shelter in basements and ruins without electricity or running water. The total number of fatalities in Mariupol, once a prosperous city of over 400 000 inhabitants, is not known. According to the mayor, it may amount to as many as 20 000–40 000. During the Russian occupation inhabitants have been forced to bury the bodies of their murdered relatives in yards, curtilages, playgrounds, and squares, since it was too dangerous for burials to take place in the city itself initially due to constant barrage and, later, street warfare. A certain funeral parlour displayed makeshift wooden caskets available to anyone and free of charge. In these tragic circumstances, public space in Mariupol appeared among ruins of obliterated city graves. Due to the fact that the Russians cover up traces of their crimes the inhabitants of Mariupol have been photographing all proofs of extermination. Many photos and videos are publicly available on the “Mariupol Now” Telegram channel. This is where I came upon the first photos of home graves; soon, I noticed on the Bellingcat Discord server an announcement demanding that burial sites be marked, so that families returning to Mariupol after the war could find their relatives. By basing ourselves on photos we commenced geolocating those spots where the inhabitants of Mariupol were forced to bury their dead.

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Państwa Grupy Wyszehradzkiej (V4) wobec wojny w Ukrainie. Dyplomacja obronna podczas pierwszego roku wojny

Author(s): Sabina Olszyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

Tense Russian-Ukrainian relations, sparked by the annexation of Crimea in 2014 and Ukraine’s pro-European and pro-NATO ambitions, led to a Russian invasion on the country, significantly undermining the sense of security in the region. Especially the countries in close proximity to Ukraine, including Visegrad Group states, felt the threat from Russia and took a series of actions to provide a solid and decisive response to Moscow’s neo-imperial actions. The support extended had a multidimensional character, encompassing political, diplomatic, military, financial, and humanitarian areas, playing a fundamental role in sustaining Ukraine’s functioning and its military capabilities, particularly in the initial period after the invasion. The aim of the article is to synthetically depict, from a Polish perspective, the engagement of Visegrad Group countries in implementing the ideas and tasks of defense diplomacy in the first year of the war in Ukraine, from February 24, 2022, to February 24, 2023.

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Activities of the Emergency Service of Boy-Scouts and Girl-Scouts of the Małopolska District in the Scope of Assistance for War Refugees from Ukraine in the Light of Messages From the Scout Headquarters and Scouts Reports

Author(s): Grzegorz Baziur / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2024

Objectives:The main purpose of the article is to show examples of help from the Polish authorities and society for Ukrainian war refugees by using the example of the activity of the Emergency Service of Boy-Scouts and Girl-Scouts (PHiH) of the Polish Scouting Association (ZHR) after the Russian aggression against Ukraine, undertaken on February 24, 2022. Methods:The source basis for the study is documents regarding the activities of the Emergency Service of Boy-Scouts and Girl-Scouts and reports on the service on the Polish-Ukrainian border, available on the ZHR websites, the Facebook social network, and messages from the PHiH Staff of the Małopolska District of the ZHR. Due to the current development of events, the author has adopted a descriptive model focused on describing the current situation in Ukraine. Results:The author described the activities of the PHiH in the Małopolska District of the ZHR, showing various aspects of the scout service for war refugees. In the face of war refugees in need of help, Polish scout organisations, including Małopolska District of the ZHR joined the auxiliary service in Krakow and on the border with Ukraine, the activities of the ZHR result from the Law and the Scout Promise. Conclusions:The result of the article is a description of the service of PHiH scouts and scouts for Ukrainian war refugees and its examples. It is an important contribution to attempts to describe the Russian-Ukrainian war in its various aspects, and its content fits into its context.

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Vigilantism and “Plastic Wrap Civil Justice” in 2022 during the Russo-Ukrainian War

Author(s): Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2024

Objectives:The aim of the article is to present the results of research and observations related to the phenomenon of vigilantism in the context of military operations in Ukraine. Methods:Theoretical research methods were used, such as desk research and literature study. Additionally, monitoring particular causes in Worldwide media has been carried out. Results:In the first months of 2022, during the ongoing Russo–Ukrainian war, an “unusual” phenomenon was observed on social media, namely the wrapping of suspected lawbreakers (e.g., marauders and petty thieves) with plastic wrap to structures, such as utility poles. In some cases, such individuals were whipped, chastised, sometimes even left naked and exposed to the elements, and open to mistreatment by passers-by. This raw form of wartime justice is loosely referred to in this article as “plastic wrap civil justice”, and is interpreted as a form of vigilantism. Several examples are provided in the context of the wider literature on vigilantism in times of war. Conclusions:It is concluded that neither the specific phenomenon of “plastic wrap civil justice”, nor vigilantism more broadly, can provide a sustainable path to peace, civil security and a law-abiding society. In times of war, especially where social equilibrium is at risk and where conventional justice infrastructure, like policing, has broken down, some may take it upon themselves to implement their own form of justice, or vigilantism, in order to restore it. Although not a legally recognized form of justice, vigilantism may reduce crime. However, it introduces a parallel form of justice that may leave fellow citizens vulnerable.

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I am the peninsula, with all its colours

Author(s): Anna Arkhypova / Language(s): English Issue: 01+02 (59)/2024

An interview with Jamala, Ukrainian singer, performer and 2016 winner of the Eurovision Song Contest, by Anna Arkhypova

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Wspólnota Uniwersytetu Śląskiego wobec ataku Rosji na Ukrainę

Author(s): Barbara Leja / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2023

Russia’s aggression against Ukraine has led to various positions taken by governments around the world. Most countries sympathize with the Ukrainian people fighting for freedom. The ap-proach of the societies of countries that officially support Ukraine’s fight against the invader to the problem of solidarity is similarly diverse. The Polish government and the vast majority of citizens have been showing support and material assistance to the fighting nation from the very first moment of the war. The purpose of the article is to present the measures that have been taken by the academic community of the University of Silesia in Katowice towards the war in Ukraine, the communication policy of the university authorities towards refugees and to ana-lyse, based on data from reports and the university’s website, the support options available to Ukrainian students.

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Sustainable transport in the face of the energy crisis related to the war in Ukraine

Author(s): Justyna Mielczarek-Mikołajów / Language(s): English Issue: 337/2023

the energy crisis caused by russia’s aggression in Ukraine has had a huge impact on the functioning of many countries in various spheres. the russian Federation was the main supplier of many raw materials, which had to be abandoned as a result of the sanctions that were imposed. consequently, the prices of various commodities – primarily natural gas, crude oil and coal – have risen. this posed a particular challenge for Poland, which is highly dependent on coal. at the same time, Poland, being a Member state of the european Union, has committed to achieving the goals of climate neutrality and the related concept of sustainable transport. in this light, the author analysed the issue of striving for climate neutrality and sustainable transport in the conditions of the crisis caused by the war in Ukraine. it seems appropriate, for instance, to determine whether the energy crisis has led to a collapse of the european Union’s climate policy and a change in its objectives. the process of the electrification of transportation, which, as a result of the current situation, may have become more challenging to implement, should also be considered.

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Modernisation of the personnel management system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the context of the ongoing military conflict with Russia

Author(s): Oleh Semenenko,Illia Semenenko,Roman Sirchenko,Mariia Yarmolchyk,Vitalii Kostrach / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Considering the ongoing military conflict with the Russian Federation, the modernisation of thepersonnel management system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is of utmost significance. Effective trainingof new officers is becoming a strategic task to strengthen the country’s defence capability and ensure itsnational security. The purpose of this research is to thoroughly analyse and justify ways to modernise thepersonnel management system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the context of the current military con-flict, with a focus on improving the education and training of the new generation of officers. The researchis based on a statistical analysis of data obtained through expert analysis and a survey of highly qualifiedprofessionals. Hypothesis in the paper posits that the modernisation of the personnel management sys-tem, with a particular emphasis on the education and training of new officers, is crucial for enhancing thedefense capabilities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the context of the ongoing military conflict withRussia. The research niche includes an in-depth analysis of current challenges and the identification ofinnovative strategies for improving officer training, leveraging international cooperation, and integratingmodern technologies and methodologies into the personnel management framework. The analysis demon-strated that the existing personnel management system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine requires significantmodifications to respond to the current challenges of military operations. In particular, there is a need tointroduce advanced teaching methods and use modern technologies in the training of officers. In addition,it is essential to improve the organisational structures that provide training for officers. It includes revisionof programmes, adaptation to modern conflicts and implementation of international standards of militarytraining. In addition, the psychological and social aspects of the design and development of the officer corpsshould be considered to ensure its stability and productivity in the long term. A special emphasis is placedon the need to introduce international experience and cooperation with partner countries, which mayinclude the exchange of experience, and joint exercises and training programmes. The results obtained areessential for the development and implementation of strategic plans for the modernisation of the personnelmanagement system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which will help to increase the effectiveness of militaryactivities and strengthen the country’s defence capabilities in the face of ever-growing security threats.

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