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The paper studies the relations in the triangular “Man – Nature - Society” in the sense of the economic development and from the point of view of History of History. Problems of space, time, human be-ings and their activities have been discussed. The next tags about answers to the questions “How” and “Why” and the problems of use and misuse of the Past and history have been left for the following up part of the study.
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This article is a part of volumetric larger research focused on the problems of the economic motivation. In particular – it analyzes this disgusting aspect of the local neo-feudal structures, formed in the post-socialist timelessness that kills any individual motivation and opportunity for personal development in various regions and settlements of the country.
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The present article outlines the achieved condition of research work in the Bulgarian science on the urbanization in the Bulgari-an lands under Ottoman Rule in the 19th century (until 1878). On the grounds of the performed analysis we establish the issues that have not been researched and that are insufficiently researched and the future re-searchers in this area should aim their efforts at them.
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The legal status of the voynuk bashtina as a base of the agriculture activity of the voynuk households from the Central Balkans during the first two centuries of the Ottoman rule is made clear in the article on the basis of the Ottoman legislation from XVI century. New information about the structure and size of the agricultural parcels in the voynuk bashtinas is presented according to the data from some published and unpublished Ottoman registers. The regional characteristics of the voynuk landowning can be clearly seen, mostly in North West Thrace, Sofia and Kyustendil regions.
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On the basis of various sources this article reveals the development of the agricultural and stock-breeding branches in the Southern Dobroudzha towns within the period 1941 – 1944. In spite of wartime conditions and state-regulation, the land branches in the Southern Dobroudzha towns have been developing and bringing up-to-date due to the efforts of the Government and the Municipality.
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The text examines the role of the Bulgarian Tourist Union in the development of Pirin as a tourist destination during the interwar period. Even then, the mountain has been developed as a place for tourism throughout the year, where one can ski and practice climbing,216rich in mineral waters and interesting architecture. During the period considered, Bansko rises as the leading settlement in the region.
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In this paper two reports of exposure of commercial and industrial and agricultural products and crafts in the town of Bursa in 1909 are presented - report of H. Karastoyanov and Iv. Zlatarov to Sofia Chamber of Commerce of the event and reports of journalist P. Daskalov titled "A glimpse of Anatolia - notes and impressions". Their combination builds in front of the reader an overall picture of both - the exhibition and trade organizations and the people, history, culture, faced by the Bulgari-ans on the way and in Bursa. There is a simultaneous closeness and distance between the two peoples – which until recently had been within the same empire. The interconnection of economic and trade relations with politics is clear.
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Starting from a quite modest position of a small port town at circa 1800, Burgas made a significant and fast rise in importance during the course of the 19th c. For a few decades the town managed to out-255weigh economically the older and far richer in urban traditions centres like Nessebar, Anchialo (today Pomorie) and Sozopol. Was this rise of Burgas due to the enterprising spirit of the citizens or the sensible use of the natural resources? May we assume otherwise that this prosperity was a result of the Ottoman reforming policy, of the coming modernity, or of the discovery of the local market by the West Europeans? Apparently more than one answer is possible here. The paper inquires about the reasons of Burgas’ economical progress, focussing on the period of the biggest leap in growth from 1830 to 1878. The text is an attempt to synthesise some of the most important aspects of the problem without being a comprehensive treatise of the topic in concern.
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The present article is devoted to the economic activity practiced by the men of the Chalakov family that in the second and the third quarter of XIX century established themselves as ones of the large-scale buyers of tithe levied on sheep in the European provinces of the Ottoman Empire. The many years of experience of the Chalakov family in the buyout system, that took place via various economic practices, is an interesting example of Bulgarians’ integration in the Ottoman economy,270as well as of the process of formation of wealthy Bulgarian economic elite during the Bulgarian National Revival.
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One of the most powerful Bulgarian merchant houses during the Revival period (18th – 19th centuries) was “Pulievi-Georgievi”. Two of the partners – Hristo and Nikola Pulievi continued the business ventures of their father – Teodor Puliev in Galatz and Braila. Pulievi’s nephews (Evlogi and Hristo Georgiev) were also involved in the activities of the firm (Evlogi in 1839) and Hristo (from 1841 onwards). Evlogi’s younger brother Hristo began his entrepreneurial career settling down pеrmanently in the town of Bucharest and Evlogi moved to Galatz. In their turn, Pulievi settled down in Karlovo (after 1841) and continued to deliver products to their relatives. From this point of view “Pulievi-Georgievi” firm is a representative example for family-based company.289The main aim of this paper is to reveal Pulievi’s trade activities. I have chosen that period because in 1839 was established the firm “Pulie-vi-Georgievi”. On the other hand, in 1868 Nikola T. Pulievi passed away.On the basis of the preserved letters, one can say that from 1839 to 1841 Hristo T. Puliev was buying and exporting mainly agricultural products, hides, cloths, aba and so forth in Galatz where his brother Nikola resided according to the merchant contract signed on 1 January 1839. Hristo’s activities were restricted to Karlovo, Filibe (Plovdiv) and Pazardzhik. After 1841, Hristo and Nikola T. Pulievi managed to expand their activities across Ottoman Bulgaria. Around 33 settlements are registered in Pulievi’s letter books and merchant ledgers. After Hristo’s death Nikola continued the joint business ventures with the assistance of Stefan P. Vasilev. They continued to deal with agricultural and craft products after the Crimean War. During that period, their activities spread in 22 settlements. It is obvious that Hristo and Nikola Pulievi restricted their business ventures mainly to the Bulgarian lands in contrast to the business activities (and mercantile networks) of other entrepreneurs during the Bulgarian Revival (XVIIIth –XIXth century).In conclusion I would like to point out that Pulievi’s mercantile network is representative one for the establishment of long-lasting “circle of friends” which was the basis for Pulievi’s successful business activities.
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On the basis of various sources and having in mind the researches that have been already done by scientists till this moment I reveal the migration of Bulgarian townspeople from North to South Dobroudzha, their establishment and economic affiliation there. These are three separate state measures fulfilled in the period from the autumn of 1940 till the autumn of 1941. Furthermore I present short comparative analysis of what have been already done as regards the affiliation of South Dobroudzha, Vardar Macedonia and the White Sea Thrace with Bulgarian economy. This historical flashback focuses on the 1940-1942 period and it outlines the common and specific features of the process.
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The aim of the current article is to evaluate the role of mobility in Pulievi's entrepreneurial endeavors during the Bulgarian Revival period. The in-depth analysis of their documents reveals the essence and nature of the mercantile network, which Todor Puliev together with his sons Hristo, Nikola and Ivan and later on his grandsons Todor and Nikola Hristovi Pulievi build. On the other hand, the study takes into account the trips, which the family undertakes across the Bulgarian lands, as well as in Wallachia, Moldavia and Southern Russia in order to accomplish their business dealings. What is more, the author traces Nikola Hristov Puliev down to Marseille, where he is known to have negotiated with local merchants. Overall, the greatest merit of the current study remains the revelation that even though Pulievi stand at the intersection between the old and the new, they never really abandon the traditional way of doing business i.e. through travelling.
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Innocenc Ladislav Červinka is undoubtedly one of the most important figures of Moravian archaeology. He has been working in this field since the late 1880s and early 1890s, but only professionally since 1920. He did not abandon it even after his retirement in mid-1937. His life and professional life are still partly shrouded in obscurity, and he has never been the focus of scholarly attention. With the help of contemporary correspondence and official archival documents, however, it is possible to uncover a number of unknown facts that, as a result, significantly influenced the whole of Moravian archaeology and determined its character. The development of Červinka's views on the prehistoric history of Moravia, which underwent considerable change in response to the increasing level of knowledge, cannot be overlooked.
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Innocenc Ladislav Červinka was born on 1st February 1869 in Břest, a small village between Kroměříž and and Přerov. It is logical that he then received his secondary education in Přerov, a place with direct train connection from his place of residence. With the place of his birth and then with the places of his of his working life are related to his extremely numerous archaeological activities. Their beginning in 1890 and is linked to contacts with many contemporary (volunteer) archaeologists. On them followed by a rich publishing activity.
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Kliment Čermák, an archaeologist and museologist from Čáslav, established and maintained the quite extensive contacts with a number of personalities from the Moravian archaeological community. The paper brings a partial overview of these contacts with individual researchers, especially Innocenc Ladislav Červinka, primarily based on the surviving correspondence and manuscripts deposited within Čermák's estate in the Literary Archive of the Memorial of National Literature in Prague, the Archives of the Municipal Museum and Library in Čáslav and the State District Archive in Kutná Hora. The paper also includes information on the mutual publication of texts on pages of the periodicals of the Museum and Homeland History Association "Včela Čáslavská", the Patriotic Museum Association in Olomouc and the Moravian Archaeological Club.
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The article reports on sixteen letters written by Innocent Ladislav Červinka (1869-1952) in 1902-1919 to the archaeologist and administrator/director of the Hradec Králové Museum Ludvík Domečka (1861-1937). The contents of the correspondence notes and letters, which are are stored in the archive of the literary fund of the Museum of East Bohemia in Hradec Králové. Červinka's conveying information about congresses, general events in the Moravian Archaeological Club, and the editorial leadership of the journal Pravěk, of which Domečka was a subscriber and contributor. From the more personal letters, however, we also learn about Červinka's attitudes and his perception of of Moravian archaeology in the first twenty years of the 20th century.
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Ve dvacátých a třicátých letech 20. století se v Dubicku skupina místních nadšenců věnovala amatérské archeologii v okolí obce. Jejich nálezy se staly základem muzea zřízeného a otevřeného v roce 1926 v místní škole. Za druhé světové války byla část sbírky zničena a dnes je její torzo v Muzeu Mohelnice. Důležitý archeologický i historický pramen představuje Pamětní kniha musea v Dubicku, kterou v letech 1926–1935 psali dva hlavní aktéři, František Kotrle a Rudolf Hošek. V ní jednak dokumentovali archeologické objevy, včetně mapek nalezišť, jednak popisovali spolupráci s tehdejšími odborníky. Nejintenzivnější kontakty měli tito nadšenci s Innocencem Ladislavem Červinkou, který pro ně představoval odbornou autoritu, určoval jimi získané nálezy, radil jim a směroval v jejich archeologické zálibě. Respektoval však existenci jejich archeologické sbírky, do Brna si odvezl jen některé důležitější artefakty. Část archeologických nálezů z okolí Dubicka odborně publikoval, nejdůležitějším je článek z roku 1941.
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The first art objects from the Paleolithic on the soil of the Danube monarchy were discovered by Henry Wankel at the turn of 1870 and 1871 in the Bull Rock Cave. Martin Kříž, who acquired the the best evidence of figurative work to date, was unable to interpret them correctly and the artistic ...and explained the work in psychological terms. Its religious motivations were essentially rejected by the leading interwar archaeologists Innocenc Ladislav Červinka and Karel Absolon, although the latter of the animal sculptures leaned towards the idea of hunting magic. They both considered the sculptures of women only as a manifestation of the sex drive, and Karel Absolon even spoke of prehistoric pornography. Theory of hunting magic was popularized in the books of Josef Augusta and Zdeněk Burian, and persisted in the works of prominent Prague archaeologists Jaroslav Böhm, Jan Filip and Jiří Neustupný. Later, attempts at interpretation ceased and the alibi-like adoption of the views of Soviet authors.
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Innocenc Ladislav Červinka, jeden z nejvýznamnějších moravských a českých archeologů první poloviny 20. století, se výrazně prosadil i při studiu problematiky doby bronzové. Prozkoumal velká starobronzová pohřebiště v Němčicích nad Hanou a v Kyjovicích a vedle několika článků zpracoval rukopisnou charakteristiku únětické kultury na Moravě. O poznání střední doby bronzové se zasloužil výzkumem mohylového pohřebiště v Suchohrdlech a rukopisným vyhodnocením mohylové kultury. Pro studium období popelnicových polí patří k jeho největším zásluhám rozpoznání samostatnosti podolského typu a dále prozkoumání pohřebišť v Domaželicích, Horce nad Moravou, Mostkovicích a významného hrobu ve Velaticích. Podrobně zpracoval charakteristiku kultury popelnicových polí v několika článcích a znovu v rozsáhlé rukopisné práci.
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