Land relations: features of transformation in modern Russia

Author(s): Evgeniy Zavorotin,Alla Gordopolova,Nataliya Tiurina,Marina Iurkova / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2(1)/2017

Introduction. Implementation of land reform has had a significant impact on the transformation of the regional agricultural policy through the change of organisational and economic conditions, forms of land ownership, setting priorities in agricultural production. Monitoring of the current state of the land relations system and transformation trends makes it possible to estimate the results of the changes. The purpose of the research is to suggest tools enabling to estimate structural changes of land ownership at the regional level. Results. The authors outlined three stages of economic and statistical estimation of land transformation. The first stage contributes to the description of the regional changes in the forms of agricultural land ownership, redistribution of funds, and of information about producers’ right to land in the Volga economic region of Russia. The biggest increase in the area of legal entities’ lands is observed in Saratov, Penza and Ulyanovsk regions. The second stage presupposes the use of the systemic and structural approach. The calculation of relative indices makes it possible to analyse the changes in areas under cultivation of various crops. It has been found that farmers are inclined to ignore crop rotation recommendations in order to maximise profits. The third stage considers the estimation of structural shifts of the areas under cultivation, taking into account various forms of land ownership. The structure of ownership as for 1990, 2005, 2010 and 2012 differs, which outlines both legislative and economic changes in the Russian agriculture. Conclusion. We found out that economic interests of agricultural producers affect the changes in the structure of sown areas in Saratov region. The proposed methodological approach makes it possible to estimate structural transformation of the lands and define the directions of their use by different types of farms involved in the agricultural production.

Modelling of investment decisions on technical support of agricultural enterprises

Author(s): Ludmila Smoliy,Oksana Zagorodniuk,Liudmyla Maliuga / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2(1)/2017

Introduction. Limited availability of machinery for agricultural enterprises, as well as the high intensity of its use, is accompanied by a decrease in investment activity in the agricultural sector. This necessitates a rational choice of suitable source of investment for technical upgrading and minimising of investment costs of business entities. The purpose of the article is modelling of making optimal decisions in the process of investing in technical support of agricultural enterprises under the conditions of their limited access to investment resources. Results. The authors of the article have developed a dynamic economic and mathematical model to optimise investments in the renewal of existing facilities at agricultural enterprises. The use of this model will facilitate further rationalisation of economic decision-making on the allocation of investment resources through time. The study was conducted in respect of investments in the purchase of beet harvesters that would be used in the area of 2,000 hectares. The possibility of buying the Ukrainian machinery as well as the equipment of foreign production was considered. The problem can be solved by means of four optimisation criteria: 1) minimum cost of the investment project on the purchase of equipment; 2) minimum cost of the project including operating costs with the use of equipment; 3) minimum cost of the project in terms of investments which should be taken from external sources when using depreciation deductions for the investment; 4) minimum cost of the project in terms of investments which should be taken from external sources when using depreciation deductions for the investment and taking into account operating costs. According to the criteria of optimisation, the authors have developed the best plans of investment by the years of the investment project. It has been found that, based on the criterion of cost minimisation, buying of different types of machinery made in Ukraine is preferred despite its lower productivity. We determined that the possibility of taking into account operating costs in cash flows does not change the final optimal structure of the planned number of machinery, affecting only the total cost of the investment project - USD 326,400 and USD 620,100. In the first case, the optimal investment plan provides for the purchase of all machinery during the first year of the project; the second case covers a period of four years. The budget of capital investment reduces the implementation of the investment project due to the accumulation of external resources - USD 244,800 and USD 538,500 with or without operating costs, respectively. For these two alternatives, a minimum value of the investment program is also achieved when buying machinery only of the Ukrainian production. Moreover, the need to take borrowed funds occurs only during the first year of the project, in the amount of USD 244,800 in both cases. Conclusions. This economic and mathematical model allows agricultural enterprises to establish investment volumes needed for the purchase of any particular type of equipment for agricultural production. Choosing the most appropriate source of investment can minimise investment costs and establish a rational investment portfolio under certain requirements and restrictions. This will allow agricultural enterprises to plan investments in the renewal of their facilities with regard to the production by the best option, given the productivity of agricultural machinery and the planned sowing areas.

Methodology of the resource potential assessment under import substitution

Author(s): Elena Bessonova,Oksana Mereshchenko / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2(1)/2017

The article presents methodology of the resource potential assessment in import substitution as developed by the authors. This methodology precludes two-level analysis, and allows evaluating resource potential in the region and optimal economy sectors for development. It is based on the analysis of development factors, resource capabilities and constraints in particular regions. It has been found out that We tested our methodology for the Regional Resource Potential (RRP) assessment on the example of Central Federal District of Russia regions for the period of 2005-2015. According to the analysis of resource potential complex index, we can conclude that Moscow possessed the greatest resource potential, while the lowest level of RRP was observed in Ivanovo region (2006-2008, 2011-2015), Tambov region (2005, 2010) and Orel region (2009). To prove universal value of the developed methodology, we cross-tested data from Kursk region (Russia) and Swietokrzyskie voivodeship (Poland). It has been found that Kursk region’s agriculture has higher resource potential than agriculture in Swietokrzyskie voivodeship, however, manufacturing industry in Swietokrzyskie voivodeship has higher recourse potential than the one in Kursk region.

Assessment of land fragmentation of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine

Author(s): Andriy Popov / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2017

Introduction. Agriculture is one of the leading sectors of the Ukrainian economy, however it still remains underdeveloped. The latest analysis shows an increasing number of farms with agricultural land over 10,000 ha. Nevertheless, family farms with an average size of 0.9 ha comprise 44.7% in the structure of gross agricultural production in Ukraine. Despite this fact, they occupy twice as less of arable land than agricultural enterprises and farms. Ukrainian scientists believe that the main reason why such a situation is observed is the fragmentation of agricultural land. The purpose of this paper is to identify some metric indicators for the assessment of land fragmentation of agricultural enterprises and analyse how land fragmentation prevents agricultural enterprises from using agricultural land. Results. Conducted analysis has shown that the dispersion, the edge density, the number of land owners and land parcels, the small size and the shape of land parcels are not associated with the problem related to land fragmentation. It has been found out that the fragmentation of land ownership and the fragmentation of land use exists only in theory and in legal documents. Moreover, the internal agricultural land fragmentation does not represent a major problem for agricultural enterprises. Conclusions. Land fragmentation is not a major problem for agricultural enterprises due to the excessive lease of agricultural land and virtual boundaries of land parcels (land ownership), projected field roads and projected shelterbelts. Nowadays, the main problem related to the use of agricultural land is the discrepancy between land ownership and land use.

Price parity in the agricultural sector as a guarantee of the national food security

Author(s): Anatolii Danylenko,Larisa Satyr,Olena Shust / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2017

Introduction. The article deals with the problem of price parity in the agricultural sector at the global level. Pricing policies used by various countries are different due to the historically formed system of agriculture, specialisation of production and productivity of agricultural lands. The purpose of the article is to conduct a comparative analysis of price parity in the agricultural sector of countries, such as the USA, Belarus and Ukraine in the period of 2005-2016. Methods. The research is based on selective, index, graphical, monographic and comparative methods. The results of the conducted research showed how the mechanisms (programs) of government price controls are used by developed countries and how the price parity index is calculated in the context of food security. Conclusions. The calculations are different for each of the analysed countries. The article proves the importance of moderate government control and the benefits of state the implementation of price parity in the agricultural sector by the state.

The agrarian food consumption in Ukraine and its association with socio-demographic indicators of human development

Author(s): Serhii Seheda,Anna Datsenko,Olena Otkalenko,Petr Musil / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2019

The objective of current research was to analyse the extent Ukrainian population was provided with the basicagrarian foods during 1990-2017 and to evaluate the relevant impact on the dynamics of human development indicators, suchas birth rate, death rate, life expectancy at birth, mortality rate of infants and fertility rate. During the study, it was identified thatconsumption of basic agrarian foods did not meet the recommended nutrition norms. However, the tendency of significantly lowconsumption of «expensive» protein and vitamin containing foods (meat, milk, fish and fruits) was registered. Simultaneously,the tendency of «cheap» food consumption was topical. Thus the levels of bread, potato and vegetable consumption wereexceeding the recommended nutrition norms. Our data suggest that nutrition degrading of agrarian food consumptioncorresponds with the change in the birth rate, the death rate, the life expectancy at birth and the fertility rate in Ukraine. Thecorrelation analysis showed that the basic triggers of negative socio-demographic situation in Ukraine were low consumption ofmeat, milk, vegetables and fruits. The consumption of such agrarian product as bread, potato, sugar, eggs and vegetable oilsdid not perform a significant impact on the outcomes of the research.

Land fragmentation of agricultural enterprises in the context of administration of land

Author(s): Andriy Popov,Iryna Koshkalda,Oleksandr Kniaz,Olena Trehub / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2019

Introduction. Under the conditions of the excessive lease of the agricultural land in Ukraine, leasing is identified as a tool for amalgamation of land parcels into one field. However, the consequences of excessive land lease by the agricultural enterprises are both positive and negative. Often the negative consequences of such leasing lack attention from the part of policy makers and scientists. The purpose of this study is to examine how the land administration system matches the land fragmentation and what problems are faced by agricultural enterprises when concluding lease contracts under the conditions of land fragmentation in Ukraine. Results. The obtained data testify that the land administration system in Ukraine has signs of transparency and efficiency. However, the system of land administration does not meet the requirements of the ownership fragmentation in land use of agricultural enterprises. Thus, the registration of lease rights to hundreds of the land parcels requires considerable costs and time. The long-lasting registration of the lease rights to the land parcels forces the lessees to use them illegally during the registration procedure. It has been determined that the expenditures on the registration of the lease right to the state-owned land parcel are much lower in comparison with the registration of private parcels. Conclusions. One of the ways to reduce the time and cost of the registration of land parcels and rights to them is to increase the size of the land parcel per one landowner, thus reducing the number of the leased parcels in the structure of the agricultural enterprise. It is convenient to introduce a special administrative service aimed at registering lease rights of agricultural enterprises.

Impact of land fragmentation on rice production efficiency, Comparative study of upper and Middle Sindh Province of Pakistan

Author(s): Mansoor Ahmed Koondhar,Houjian Li,Mumtaz Ali Joyo,Faiza Ahsan / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

Impression of this study is to investigate the correlation of land fragmentation and rice production efficiency into two different major rice cropping zones, which mostly at middle and upper part of the Sindh province, Pakistan. For this study, randomly data of 450 rice growers were collected from 5 major growing districts (Dadu, Naushahroferoze, Sukkur, Larkana and Shikarpur) of Sindh province Pakistan, 432 respondents were analyzed out of 450, remaining 18 samples found an error in data due to auto-generated results. As for the empirical results Cob Douglas and censored normal Tobit model were analyzed by using SPSS and E-views. As for as results of Cob Douglas production function opined that the production can be increased owing to the increase in family income, ploughing, planking and irrigation also confirm that the 1% reduction in land rent, temporary labor with fertilizer usage such as; urea, DAP and chemical spray would causes the production increase in middle part of the Sindh, followed by the upper Sindh rice production can be raised by the land rent increment, permanent labor ploughing, planking, seed rate and fertilizer; urea and NP, just need to reduce 1% appliance on irrigation. In addition, the results of the censored Tobit model suggests that there is possibility to increase rice production efficiency by increasing the general characteristics of rice growers such as; age, education, experience, farm size, health of farmers, market availability near to farms, extension service and school, producer efficiency. The rice production can also be increased by the decreasing land fragmentation and distance from homestead to farm in middle Sindh. When the production efficiency would be increased in upper Sindh as compare to the middle Sindh gradually by increasing age, experience, land rented in, shared out land, farm size and availability of the market near farm, same variables for land fragmentation and distance from homestead to farm has negative coefficient impression. The results policy suggested the assurance of land fragmentation and distance from homestead to farm has significant correlation with rice production. Therefore, government may revise land reform policies with its land consolidate; by this farmers may adopt modern agro-based technologies easily and resultantly to increase rice production and ultimately help to reducing poverty scale.

Rolnictwo ekologiczne w Polsce w kontekście strategii unijnych

Author(s): Joanna Groszyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

Ecological agriculture is a method of farming which is beneficial to climate protection and biodiversity. Organic food is increasingly appreciated, but it is not very popular among Polish consumers due to high prices and low purchasing power. In the new Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for 2023–2027, ecological agriculture is one of the priorities.

Rola wybranych narzędzi instytucjonalizacji obszaru środowiskowego w procesie generowania efektów działalności środowiskowej

Author(s): Hanna Sikacz,Dorota Teneta-Skwiercz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article is a part of a stream of research related to environmental, social and governance (ESG) aspects of business activity, focusing on environmental factors. Its main objective is to identify the strength of the relation between selected tools of institutionalising the environmental area and the environmental performance a the company. Six tools were analysed: Policy Emissions, Policy Water Efficiency, Policy Energy Efficiency, Policy Sustainable Packaging, Policy Environmental Supply Chain and Environment Management Team. ESG data of companies from the clothing sector obtained from the Refinitiv database were used for the research, which found that the most popular policy is Policy Energy Efficiency, and the least popular, Policy Sustainable Packaging. There is a positive correlation between the tools of institutionalisation of the environmental area and Environmental Score. Policy Emissions, Environment Management Team, and Policy Water Efficiency, are most correlated with environmental performance and should be of particular interest to companies. This research makes an important contribution to the discussion on the effectiveness of tools for institutionalising the environmental area within a company.

Samorząd rolniczy w procesie transferu wiedzy i doradztwa na rzecz rolnictwa i obszarów wiejskich

Author(s): Alina Walenia / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

System Wiedzy i Innowacji Rolniczych Unii Europejskiej (AKIS) można zdefiniować jako sieć instytutów badawczych, ośrodków doradztwa, szkół rolniczych i pozostałych organizacji pozarządowych, zaangażowanych w pomoc rolnikom w podnoszeniu innowacyjności ich gospodarstw i rozwiązywaniu nowych problemów gospodarczych. Wśród wielu bardzo istotnych zadań izb rolniczych należy wymienić zadania o charakterze doradczym i informacyjnym w zakresie działalności rolniczej, wiejskiego gospodarstwa domowego i uzyskiwania przez rolników dodatkowych dochodów. Zadania o charakterze informacyjnym dotyczą gromadzenia i przetwarzania informacji gospodarczej, która ma służyć producentom i innym podmiotom gospodarczym. Celem artykułu jest ocena działalności izb rolniczych na rzecz transferu wiedzy i doradztwa dla rolnictwa i obszarów wiejskich. Analizie poddana została działalność izb rolniczych dotycząca wsparcia w zakresie pozyskiwania przez beneficjentów z poszczególnych regionów środków UE wdrażanych w ramach Programu Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich 2014-2020. Zastosowane metody badawcze to analiza aktów prawnych, przegląd literatury oraz wnioskowanie. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że istnieje powiązanie pomiędzy zakresem działalności izby rolniczej a wskaźnikiem absorpcji środków UE w poszczególnych regionach.

Non-Linear Autoregressive Dissolved Oxygen Prediction Model for Paddy Irrigation Channel

Author(s): Syafira Mohd Aisha,Norashikin M. Thamrin,Muhammad Fariq Ghazali,Nik Nor Liyana Nik Ibrahim,Megat Syahirul Amin Megat Ali / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This study has proposed a non-linear autoregressive model to predict one-day ahead dissolved oxygen in paddy field irrigation channel. A 32-day data is obtained from Kampung Padang To’ La in Pasir Mas, Kelantan using off-the shelf water quality parameter sensors. Analysis has revealed no correlation between dissolved oxygen with pH and electrical conductivity. A non-linear autoregressive model is then developed using the dissolved oxygen measurements and artificial neural network. A prediction model developed using Levenberg- Marquardt algorithm yielded the best results with overall regression of 0.9253. The model has also passed all correlation tests and can therefore, be accepted.

Is quantity and quality of protein in the barley cultivar determined by the proportion of kernels with and without subaleurone layer?

Author(s): Jerzy Macewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2003

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE VITICULTURE SECTOR OF BIH WITH REFERENCE TO FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS

Author(s): Branka Marković,Ružica Đervida / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2022

Observing the historical genesis of grapevine cultivation on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is important to emphasise that the tradition of grapevine cultivation is over 2.000 years old. In whole area, the vine was brought by the ancient Greeks. Today's production of wine grapes, in 2021, is carried out on an area of approximately 3.700 ha, which is significantly less than in 1989, when production took place on an area of 5.722 ha. As a result of the war, the area has been reduced to today's figures. Approximately 10.200 agricultural households are engaged in grapevine cultivation and wine production, which represents 96,21% of the total area under vines, only 3,79% of the area is owned by registered companies. The main goal is to increase the area under vineyards, to modernize existing capacities, which ultimately results in increased wine production. In order to achieve all the stated goals, it is necessary to provide certain funds. Transition countries, to which Bosnia and Herzegovina also belongs, are based on further growth and development on the arrival of foreign investment. In countries in transition, foreign investment is the only possible factor in economic development. However, due to a number of factors that influenced poor organization and poor access, which is especially pronounced in family farms, a large number of foreign investment do not come to BiH. The basis of the paper is related to the analysis of the actual state of the viticulture and wine production sector in BiH and the amount of wine exported to EU markets. Since the majority, which consists of agricultural households do not their own capital, i.e. they do not have their own sources of financing. By using certain statistical methods one can get an insight into the real situation that exists in the field of viticulture in BiH, with reference to family farms. According to the data obtained from the analysis, the place and position of the viticulture sector, which is the most important part of the food and agricultural area in Herzegovina, can be predicted. Due to its great diversification, this area is very interesting for foreign investments. By applying various statistical tools, the situation in the field of viticulture can be determined and in that way it is possible to attract all interested investors.

Płatności bezpośrednie dla rolników – transfery, subsydia czy wydatki na dobra i usługi publiczne?

Author(s): Adrian Sadłowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

The aim of the study was to identify the specificity of direct payments to farmers applied under the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union as one of the state’s expenditure. The applied analytical method is a confrontation of alternative approaches to direct payments in pairs. It has been found problematic to categorically classify direct payments as one of the main types of state expenditure, i.e. expenditure on goods and services, subsidies or transfers. It would be more appropriate to define the structure of expenditure implemented in the form of direct payments according to their type, as it could significantly enrich the knowledge gathered to support evidence-based economic policy.

Efektywność techniczna i produktywność nawożenia mineralnego w Polsce

Author(s): Michał Świtłyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

The aim of the study was to assess the technical effectiveness and productivity of mineral fertilization in Poland. The Färe-Primont total productivity index was used to assess productivity. Data from 1998-2 019 were used. The technical efficiency of mineral fertilization in the years 1998-2019 was in the range of 79.5% (2008) – 99.6% (2005). The average total productivity (dTFP) increased by 9.3%. The main source of total productivity growth was technological progress (dMP), which increased by 13.2%. The decrease in Färe-Primont’s total productivity (dTFP) was influenced by efficiency changes (dTFPE), which decreased by 3.5% over the period considered. The increase in efficiency (dTFPE) was influenced by technical efficiency (1.039), and its decrease was influenced by scale efficiency (dISE) and mixed resedual efficiency (dRME). The average sizes of these indices were 0.977 and 0.951.

Cechy organizacyjne i ekonomiczne rolnictwa w Polsce z obszarów szczególnie predestynowanych do dostarczania dób

Author(s): Marek Zieliński / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The aim of the study is to assess the organisational and economic characteristics of agriculture in Poland from areas (communes) especially predisposed to provide public goods. The delimitation of these communes was carried out on the basis of the agricultural production area valorization index (APAV) established by the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute (IUNG – PIB) in Pulawy. Production potential of agriculture in these communes were obtained from the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture (ARMA). In addition, data from the Statistics Poland (GUS) and Polish FADN were used. It was stated that farms from these communes in comparison to farms from other communes were characterised by, among others, lower total costs per 1 ha of UAA, lower productivity of factors of production and income per 1 ha of UAA. The operating subsidies received were of great importance to them, without which they would often suffer losses.

Influence of outdoor advertisements on architecture in the City of Lublin

Author(s): Małgorzata Kozak / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

Polish cities are currently facing an issue of intrusive billboards obstructing the faacades of buildings. While the majority of articles on this subject focus on the negative impact this phenomenon, little attention is drawn to the destructive technical effects  the advertisements have on the facades. This article addresses phenomenon of visual pollution examins the  influence of based on the example of selected buildings located in Lublin’s City Centre. The article analyses the placement of advertising signs, and categorizes of most technical and social problems that it entails. The relation between the occurrence of outdoor advertising and the increase in anti-social behaviour in commercialised space, raised in the article, could be a very important topic for further research. The results of the conducted study reveal that the installation of advertising billboards irreversibly damages the facades of buildings, which is especially visible when the advertisements are removed. The article complements the study on outdoor advertising, drawing attention to one of its little-discussed, technical aspects. Consequently, it may serve as a starting point for further discussion on the subject.

Multiple-Ontology Developing for Thai Dessert from Scraps of Thai Vegetable Carving Arts

Author(s): Sumitra Nuanmeesri,Kamonwan Tangcharoenbumrungsuk,Lap Poomhiran / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

This research aims to create value from vegetable scraps of the Thai vegetable carving process for cooking Thai desserts based on the original six colors of vegetables using the ontology technique. The developed multiple-ontology between the classes of vegetables, Thai vegetable carvings, and Thai desserts can be linked to related data, including images, videos, and websites. The results showed that multipleontology developed with an efficiency of 99.99% accuracy. In addition, when referred to the ten experts for evaluation under criteria such as completeness, adaptability, clarity, and consistency, the result showed that the mean was 4.98, and the standard deviation was 0.16.

Efektywność przedsiębiorstw rolnych w Ukrainie i Unii Europejskiej – ocena i czynniki reprodukcji

Author(s): Iryna Gontareva / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The aim of the article is to examine the evaluation of the efficiency of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine and the European Union using the determinants of effectiveness, economy and functional organisation, which reflect the need for extended reproduction of final consumption and food security. Efficiency is assessed on the basis of the ratio of the required and achieved results, the economy and the processes of obtaining them, and the degree of use of the principles of functional organisation as a potential for sustainable reproduction and improvement of results. In this case, the systemic efficiency of agricultural enterprises reflects the results of meeting the needs and expectations of stakeholders – consumers, co-workers and local communities. When reproducing positive results, the specificity of the law of value in the agricultural sector should be considered; consistency and compliance of different types of capital and assets is achieved through the application of the principles of functional organization. This allows for the identification of factors of regulatory influence on the reproduction of the efficiency of agricultural enterprises.