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The article examines some of the most typical syntax structures in Bulgarian colloquial speech. Those with duplication of an element.
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In this paper is analyzed from a contrastive approach the expression of motion in Spanish and Slovak putting emphasis on Spanish motion verbs ir, venir and llegar that cause great difficulties both to teachers and students of Spanish as to translators and interpreters. In this paper we mention the reasons why errors in using these three verbs occur and we explain the origin of them.
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The article is concerned with the emotional attitude person representations in syntactic structures. The emotional attitude person is represented in different structures connected with the definite variety of the emotional attitude. The paper deals also with the correlation of the emotional and rational aspects in the emotional attitude structure.
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The Russian language is characterized by a big number of parallel forms at the level of verb formation which can be the reason for a lot of problems when communicating. At the same time the problem ofvariability in the Russian literary language at the level the verb formation hasn’t yet been studied thoroughly in spite of the careful attention paid to the verb category research by scientists. In the past there were more parallels ofthis kind and modern period of the development is still marked by some variations in choosing the verb form. This means that the problem of variation is still a topical problem of the linguistics. However there are not strict rules for the usage of these variations of the verb forms and it can lead to some problems when teaching the Russian language. Detailed study of each type of the variation in the history of the language gives an opportunity to propose perspectives of the phenomena development and will help to create general rules for the forms usage. The following article studies double parallels the verb forms have at the modern stage of the Russian language development. First of all these are verb forms of the present tense ending in –ать (for example каплет и капает, машет и махает etc); variative forms of the past tenses in verbs with suffix -ну- (for example (мокнул и мок etc) an the others. When teaching Russian as a foreign language one should pay attention to the usage of these parallel forms in the speech, accompany the teaching with available historic comments; give recommendations about the usage of these forms in accordance with their stylistic and semantic differentiation in the language. We consider this deviation from the norms of the modern language to be the common feature of all forms.
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The article is devoted to the problem of subjective semantic fields’ interaction. Author distinguishes the following semantic fields, which are actual to the modern Russian: adversativity semantics, semantics of subjective (modal) limitation, semantics of indifference – for these fields the semantics of subjective negation is invariant.
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Modernism of Alija Isaković’s prose is, among other things, reflected in the way he uses language. This paper deals with certain phonostylistic and syntaxostylistic elements in the short story Taj čovjek by Alija Isaković. Special attention is paid to the syntaxostylistic aspects where parallelism, elliptical sentences are analyzed. In addition, the paper points out the importance of the inchoative and finitive sentences in the understanding of the text.
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The paper is based on a research project carried out at the University of Economics, Prague, which attempts to show the problems students face when producing and interpreting English texts which are connected with the different functions of word order in English and in Czech. In both English and Czech, some issues were found which may lead not only to difficulties in understanding the text but to more or less significant changes in meaning. The students’ awareness of these issues appears to be very low. As academic and technical texts require a high level of precision, we believe it should be paid more attention in ESP teaching at university level.
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In Modern Greek language, the verbs function extremely flexibly in terms of transitivity / intransitivity. In conversational speech, Greeks often violate syntactic norms, and many intransitive verbs change their character and become transitive.
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The paper starts with the assertion that the text of advertisements imposes many deflections of the lexis and syntax. Analysing a characteristic corpus, we are trying to show the processes of discursive refunctioning, resulting in lexical creativity, optimized semantic and syntactic text efficiency.
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The article presents the comparative analysis of the basic syntax Prague linguistic positions and of G. A. Zolotova’s communicative-functional grammar. The main ideas that characterize the Prague theory include attention to the function of language units, to the speaker, to the situation of utterance, recognition of the sentence as the main object of functional syntax. G. A. Zolotova’s grammar distinguishes the anthropocentricity, the unity of the form, the meaning and the function in language units and also the textcentricity. G. A. Zolotova repeatedly turned to the ideas of the PLC, in particular to the functional perspective statement, but they have not been a starting point for herself and her followers to date, so it can be argued that these theories, developed at different times and independently of each other, approach the question of the dependence of statements on the situation and the position of the speaker, the necessity of taking these parameters into account in the analysis from different sides. This same idea is developed in M. A. K. Halliday’s systemic-functional grammar. If V. Mathesius find the sentence as the main object of the functional grammar, nevertheless G. A. Zolotova (although she emphasizes the theory of sentences models and its modifications) find the text as the main object of the communicative grammar because the text is the language unit of highest level in which the speaker realizes his ideas and in which is interpreted the meaning of other linguistic units. The analysis of the theoretical positions in the article is accompanied by examples from Russian and Czech non-functional texts.
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Rapid changes in Russian society in the last three decades, its democratization and other social, psychological factors are indirectly reflected in language and speech, including at the syntactic level. An important result of the action of various factors is the mass entry into the literary and speech use of innovations that require analysis and evaluation. The purpose of the research is to identify the most active innovative changes in modern Russian speech, to establish their character, to capture in them the manifestation of the main trends in the development of the syntactic system. The subject of observations and analysis in the work – new syntactic phenomena in the structure of phrases and simple sentences that arose in Russian speech at the end of the twentieth century and are actively manifested in the first decades of the XXI century. The main material was collected by the author himself and was extracted from newspaper texts of modern Russian periodicals, from radio and television. Examples from published scientific works were used. The most active changes in the structure of the phrase are analyzed: transposition (destruction in the phrase of the control connection and development of the coordination connection), innovative shifts, often representing anomalies, expansion of prepositions in subordinate phrases. The most important changes in the structure of a simple sentence are revealed: segmentation, actualization of the necessary part of the statement, compression, parceling, innovative processes in the functioning of impersonal sentences, which are a bright national specificity of the Russian language. The considered innovative changes indicate the manifestation of the main trends: the «democratization» of Russian syntax, the tendency to the development of syncretism, the trend of strengthening of analysis. The results obtained in the work should undoubtedly find practical application in linguodidactics, including in the process of teaching Russian as a foreign language in the Czech environment.
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The paper is devoted to Russian and Czech verbal nouns with a word-formation meaning „person“. The author bases her study on Russian Grammar 1980, according to which she identifies and gives a detailed description of a group of Russian suffixes which are used to form a masculine gender of verbal nouns (e.g. the suffixes -тель, -ник, -чик/-щик, -ун/-юн). The paper also provides a list of Russian-Czech suffixal equivalents (or non-equivalent suffixes) and indicates if these suffixes are productive or non-productive. The Czech suffixes are chosen from The Dictionary of Affixes Used in Czech (Slovník afixů používaných v češtině). Special attention is paid to the formation of feminine nouns from nouns of masculine gender, to the derivational models of the Russian and Czech languages, and to the sequential/non-sequential formation of feminine nouns in Russian and Czech.
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According to the criterion of whether the referent is linguistically textualized or not in the universe of discourse, the usages of modern Turkish demonstratives can roughly be divided into the text dependent use and the non-text dependent use. Also, according to the criterion of repetition or deletion of the antecendent noun, the text dependent use of the demonstratives can further be subdivided into the anaphoric use and the non-anaphoric use. This study primarily focuses on some deictic properties preserved in the usage of the (text dependent) non-anaphoric bu, which are specific to the non-text dependent use, and reveals that all instances of the non-anaphoric bu can be treated as an intermediate form between the non-text dependent use and the anaphoric use, which is closer to the non-text dependent use. The following are the points argued in the text: (i) the non-anaphoric bu has the property of asymmetry which cannot be observed for the non-anaphoric o, (ii) the distribution of bu may vary depending on whether the referent is treated from the common perspective of the speaker and the hearer or not, (iii) o is a distance-sensitive demonstrative while bu is not, (iv) the difference between bu and o mentioned in (iii) can be explained by Balpınar's (2012) concept of controllability, (v) a referent is always accessible for the writer/reader as long as it remains within the controllable domain of the writer/reader. In this sense, it serves as a visual/situational referent reflecting the topic of the text. Besides, on the basis of the observations in (i)-(v), this study suggests that the non-anaphoric demonstrative bu has stronger deictic properties compared to the non-anaphoric o, and this account can be regarded as a consequence of the reflection of the deictic properties seen in the non-text dependent use on the (text dependent) non-anaphoric use.
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L’elaborazione scritta dell’albanese con l’alfabeto latino è riconosciuta nella historiografia della cultura albanese quale la più antica della scrittura albanese, la quale grazie al primo congresso albanologico nello spazio compatto albanofono (Manastir, novembre 1908), gode da più di un secolo lo stato dei simboli nazionali albanesi.
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This article outlines three approaches to measuring the syntactic complexity in L2 English writing – mean length-based, distance dependency, and the use of non-finite elements. Studies using these approaches are discussed, and areas for future research are discussed.
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This paper focuses on the frequency and accuracy of five types of grammatical collocations G8E-G8I (Benson et al. 1986) in CZEMATELC, an English language learner corpus (8,338 types; 211,503 tokens) consisting of 1,841 English exam texts from the written part of the national school-leaving exams between 2015 and 2019. The findings reveal the prevalence of A1-A2 CEFR level colligations relying on a limited number of verb lemmas, a wide incorrect pattern variation and preference for patterns which are also the most frequent patterns of their Czech equivalents.
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The present report treats the question of specific noun phrases with two or more adjectives obtaining the definite article in modern Bulgarian and analyses a common mistake usually made by native speakers in this respect. One such phrase is ‘the small and medium size enterprise’ which is a good illustration of the problem.
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The paper examines the argument structure of constructions containing physiological-state predicative words in the contemporary Bulgarian language. The source material was extracted from the Bulgarian National Corpus and informal web communication. A comparison with corresponding stative verbs is made. The research reveals that the constructions under consideration include predicative adverbs (toplo, priyatno), predicative nouns (zhega) or predicative adjectives (gladen). Sentences containing explicit or implicit experiencer arguments are discussed along with the possibilities for expressing the stimulus and the locative argument as well as the constraints over complement sentences. The analysis of the empirical data leads to conclusions about the common argument structure of constructions with a predicative word denoting a physiological state.
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The paper considers constructions «predicative + infinitive». Interpretive infinitive constructions as opposed to emotional reactions. For emotional reactions, the predicative and the infinitive refer to the same subject, the infinitives of the perception, mental, speech verbs are typical for them: It hurts / It's sad to see you suffer (‘X sees, X is sad’). For interpretive constructions, the subject of the predicative and the subject of the infinitive does not coincide: It's tactless to ask this question – ‘X asks the question, Y evaluates such an act as tactless’. The infinitives of perceptual and mental verbs in such a construction are either not used, or they denote a kind of action: It is tactless to listen to private conversations.
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The treatise in this article was devoted to some aspects of verb idiom complements. Verb idioms are defined as established verb phrases whose meaning is not a simple sum of their components’ meanings and the relations between them, but they are rather structures with the so-called globalized meaning. The focus was on dependents in such structures that function as complements. The main division of these dependents is made according to whether these are (1) stable (very limitedly variable) components that, together with the head, form the lexical minimum of the verb idiom, or whether they are (2) lexically variable components of idioms. The former have the syntactic function of the predicative, while the latter have the syntactic function of object. The analysis of stable dependents of verb idioms as predicatives is justified by the fact that they participate together and equally with their heads, in constructing a semantic predicate, thus clearly distinguishing verb idioms from non-idiomatic verb phrases. For similar reasons, objects in verb idioms are not dependents of verbs, but of whole idioms, which again distinguish such constructions from non-idiomatic verb phrases. The differentiation of objects of verb idioms into direct and indirect objects is not consistently feasible because the appropriate criteria cannot be applied as in verb phrases and clauses.
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