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O języku, dawnych czasach i obrzędach w okolicach Mejkszt na Litwie

Author(s): Krystyna Rutkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2015

This publication is a report of the field studies carried out in July 2000 in the Smalvos area in Lithuania. This area is characterized by historically shaped multilingualism, where Lithuanian, Polish and Russian Old Believers’ villages are adjacent. Also frequent are contacts between local residents with family or friends who live in Belarus. As a result, the inhabitants of these villages are familiar with four languages: Polish, Lithuanian, Russian, and Belarusian dialect. The Polish villages preserved the basic Polish language which is used by all three generations as a home language, while in the external contacts other language varieties can be used. The ongoing research was not only aimed at examination of the language of these areas but also at documentation of very diverse cultural layers, therefore rites, customs and folk songs were recorded. Many different questionnaires were used in the study – linguistic, ethno-linguistic and social-linguistic. e source text in the book consists of stories kept in historical and ethnographic character, basic features of the informer, who represents a Smalvos variety of the Polish language in Lithuania, have been preserved in the phonetic record.

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ON THE PERCEPTION OF THE SLOVAK VERBS OF THINKING BY SLOVAK MONOLINGUALS AND HUNGARIAN-SLOVAK BILINGUALS

Author(s): Matúš Hrubovčák / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The present paper deals with the semantic field of the Slovak verbs of THINKING from the perspective of cognitive semantics and sociolinguistics. It is hypothesized that the results will prove a hierarchical distribution in the field (i.e. a cline from prototypes to peripheries). This opposes the objectivist position assuming categorial homogeneity, with all members meeting the same criteria. Moreover, sociolinguistically conditioned differences are expected to exist between our two samples. The first one, comprising Slovak monolinguals, will serve as a control group. The other one, consisting of their Hungarian-Slovak bilingual peers, will be checked for the influence of the language background exerted on the perception of the verbs. The results seem to confirm the hypothesized hierarchical distribution and throw some light on the role of the language background in the bilingual sample.

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Trzy dziewiętnastowieczne małopolskie słowniczki gwarowe

Author(s): Stanisław Cygan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2015

The paper describes three regional dictionaries from the north-central Region of Małopolska (Lesser Poland) by Oskar Kolberg, Father Władysław Siarkowski and Zygmunt Wasilewski. They contain records of the nineteenth-century lexicon from individual villages (Jaksice, Koszyce gmina, Pińczów powiat, Kielce Governorate), or larger areas: Kielce Region (environs of Pińczów), and Sandomierz Region. The lexical material was collected around the same time – in the period 1865–1895. When characterising sets of words, the following issues are taken into consideration: a) the time of creating the glossariesy; b) the volume; c) the territorial reach; d) the macrostructure of the dictionaries; e) the microstructure of the dictionaries. The lexical material contained in the dictionaries is primarily a source of knowledge about the oldest state of Małopolska dialects (more precisely, the north-central region of Małopolska), a source of research of Polish dialects in general, but it also gives an insight into the techniques used by unqualifi ed lexicographers, enthusiasts, hobbyists, admirers of folk artefacts, whose activities helped preserve the speech of residents of rural areas and save it from oblivion at times when Poland was not an independent country.

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Poznanės laikotarpis Jano Otrębskio gyvenime

Author(s): Norbert Ostrowski / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2015

Straipsnis susideda iš dviejų dalių. Pirmoji yra biografinė, apima Jano Otrębskio gyvenimą Poznanėje po Antrojo pasaulinio karo, antrojoje trumpai aptariami rinktiniai, Poznanės laikotarpiu sukurti svarbiausi J. Otrębskio veikalai. Pirmojoje dalyje remiamasi Magdalenos Gawrońskos-Garstkos veikalu Jan Szczepan Otrębski. Życie i dzieło (1889–1971) (2014).

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A preliminary study in zero anaphora coreference resolution for Polish

Author(s): Adam Jan Kaczmarek,Michał Marcińczuk / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2017

Zero anaphora is an element of the coreference resolution task that has not yet been directly addressed in Polish and, in most studies, it has been left as the most challenging aspect for further investigation. This article presents an initial study of this problem. The preparation of a machine learning approach, alongside engineering features based on linguistic study of the KPWr corpus, is discussed. This study utilizes existing tools for Polish coreference resolution as sources of partial coreferential clusters containing pronoun, noun and named entity mentions. They are also used as baseline zero coreference resolution systems for comparison with our system. The evaluation process is focused not only on clustering correctness, without taking into account types of mentions, using standard CoNLL-2012 measures, but also on the informativeness of the resulting relations. According to the annotation approach used for coreference to the KPWr corpus, only named entities are treated as mentions that are informative enough to constitute a link to real world objects. Consequently, we provide an evaluation of informativeness based on found links between zero anaphoras and named entities. For the same reason, we restrict coreference resolution in this study to mention clusters built around named entities.

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Коллокации – теория и лексикографическая практика (о концепции П. Дюрчо)

Author(s): Valery Mikhailovich Mokienko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

The presented Dictionary of Collocations is the first of its kind in Slovakia. It covers collocational profiles with nouns and is based on a lexical database of collocations in the Slovak language. The Slovak National Corpus of the Ľudovít Štúr Institute of Linguistics at the Slovak Academy of Sciences was used to conduct the research. The database covers collocational profiles of several hundred words of different parts of speech (nouns in the first phase of the project). The Dictionary is aimed at the registration and description of not only multiword lexemes, but also at the registration of the so-called typical collocations having a wide collocability. They are differentiated by frequency, and their number is limited in that way. An innovative approach has been applied for sorting out collocations in the Dictionary. The combinatory of flexional potentials of these elements are the basis for the creation of the so-called collocational templates which serve as the basis for the patterns of collocations.

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Nazwy miejscowe – przekaz i świadectwo rzeczywistości kulturowo-historycznej. Ochrona, eksploracja, upowszechnianie

Author(s): Artur Trapszyc / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

The UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage strongly emphasises the role of oral tradition. However, among the elements of intangible heritage which it mentioned, toponyms– names of historic, cultural and topographic/natural content – were omitted. This does not mean that they are not under protection. Place names and urbanonyms deserve attention of cultural anthropologists, historians and museologists, not only as research objects, but also as historical sources requiring the same care as other monuments.In the article I concentrate on the names of Toruń, a city included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, and the names of several villages near Toruń. This choice is aimed at presenting the problem of protecting historic names, the necessity of restoring the names eradicated from terminology and assigning toponyms used in colloquial speech.My reflections are the result of research carried out as part of my work in the Ethnographic Museum in Toruń. It is based on interaction with members of the local community, activists of local organisations and officials. The experiences gained from these contacts prove that the awareness of the value of historic place names and the knowledge of the law on the preservation of historic monuments are still very low. Hence the need for cultural anthropologists’ work. However, it should involve not only discovering toponyms and creating a catalogue of historic names, but also education, which can be provided in the dialogue with our interlocutors.

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Person case constraint effects in Polish copular constructions

Author(s): Anna Bondaruk / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

The paper examines two patterns found in one type of copular constructions in Polish, i.e., those containing the verbal copula być ‘be’ and the pronominal copula to. In the first pattern the verb być ‘be’ agrees with the second, postverbal element, not with the first one, while in the other 1st and 2nd person pronouns are banned from appearing as the first elements in to być copular clauses. It is argued that these apparently unrelated patterns are amenable to a uniform analysis couched within the minimalist approach to the Person Case Constraint (henceforth, the PCC). This approach crucially relies on the application of multiple Agree and the assumption that in Polish, just like in other languages, T probes separately for person and number. It is argued that in both patterns under consideration T probes the first DP for person and the second one for number and gender, which accounts for agreement with the second element in the first pattern. If the first DP is 1st or 2nd person, it values the person feature of T as 1st or 2nd and this is responsible for a person clash if the second DP is marked for 3rd person, which accounts for the second pattern. The analysis offered predicts that the two DPs in to być clauses must match in person. It is shown that this prediction may turn out to be problematic in the light of the fact that identity statements and inverted copular sentences allow person mismatch. It is argued that although they seem to be problematic in fact neither in the former nor in the latter the mechanism underlying the PCC effect, i.e., multiple Agree, is operative, but for a different reason. Equatives are analysed along the lines proposed by Perelstvaig (2001; 2008) for Russian and Italian by Moro (1997; 2006), i.e., they are treated as bare small clauses which lack a label unless the second DP is internally merged with the bare small clause and thus provides it with a label (DP). As a result of this movement, the moved DP is closer to the probe T than the other DP, which blocks multiple Agree. In inverted copula sentences, on the other hand, parallel probing by T and C applies, which forces the movement of the inverted element to Spec CP and thus makes it unavailable to Agree with T.

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W stronę tradycji: paradygmaty fleksyjne polskiego rzeczownika

Author(s): Wiesław Tomasz Stefańczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2014

It is possible to identify three dominant inflectional paradigms of the noun in singular which are in principle implied by the grammatical gender: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Only masculine nouns ending in -a follow the same inflectional pattern as feminine nouns. Neuter nouns exhibit numerous common features with the masculine inflection. In plural, due to the neutralisation of grammatical oppositions and syncretism of inflectional forms, the majority of nouns are inflected according to one paradigm. Only masculine nouns with personal reference obtain in nominative and accusative endings different than those of the remaining nouns, which is also stressed by the formal exponents of their attributes.

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TENDENCJE W POLSKIEJ FLEKSJI WERBALNEJ (NA PRZYKŁADZIE FORM CZASU TERAŹNIEJSZEGO CZASOWIKÓW ZAKOŃCZONYCH W BEZOKOLICZNIKU NA -AĆ)

Author(s): Wiesław Tomasz Stefańczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2014

The paper attempts to find the answer to the question to what extent the inflection of the verb in the present tense is predictable on the basis of the form of its infinitive. The conducted research demonstrates that there exists a very high degree of correlation between the form of the infinitive and the conjugational paradigm. The verbs which end in –ać in the infinitive have an almost 98 percent predictable conjugational type.

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Bełkot techniczny jako przejaw polszczyzny konsumpcyjnej

Author(s): Katarzyna Jachimowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 49/2015

The article draws the attention to, described by Kazimierz Ożóg, symptom of consumptive Polish language like technical gibberish. Its characteristics comprise amongst other: using a list of technical parameters of a device, which does not warrant a disclosure of product benefits and its functionalities; accumulation of foreign names supplemented with numbers, letter symbols and acronyms; unusual semantic cohesion of words used for the purpose of exaggeration; technical foreign terminology. Analysed in the article informational-persuasive language acts directed at modern technology products, are symptoms of currently popular consumerism, which leads to a creation of promotional and marketing technical gibberish.

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Efekty kształcenia na pulpicie językoznawcy

Author(s): Agnieszka Zatorska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 49/2015

The article is devoted to the part of the academic discourse dedicated the educational results. The aim of the study is to present the linguistic means which serve for such purpose. The analyze encompasses such formal realization of the predicate structures as nominal phrases including nominalizations, nouns and adjectives. Special attention is paid to mental predicates which are realized by intellectual verbs on the formal level. The conducted study is placed among the works from the fields of stylistics, semantics, syntax as well as in the area of the discourse analyses.

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Językowe własności systemu komunikacji głuchych

Author(s): Bartłomiej Cieśla / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2012

The Polish sign language (in Polish, PJM) is a typical form of communication in a society of profoundly deaf people. In modern linguistics, it is viewed in two different ways. Some researchers treat PJM as an ordinary language, while others question its linguistic status. This article describes coincidental and differentiating features of natural sound languages and gestural systems.

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Udział tytulatury standardowej w konwersacyjnych wołaczowych formach adresatywnych doby średniopolskiej

Author(s): Marek Cybulski,Anita Pawłowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 45/2010

By standard titles we understand the forms of addressing other person used in statements, in which social linguistic and moral conventions prohibited the use of pronominal form: ty. The study material is divided in accordance to symmetry or asymmetry of relations between participants in a discourse as well as primary belonging to semantic fields (titles originating from titles of higher ranks in civil services, kinship titles, names of moral values, etc.). The paper describes the alterations of function and form. The titles initially ascribed to higher social classes were usually transferred to lower classes. The one-word forms were the majority The paper presents the rules of distribution of elements in extended forms.

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Atrybutywny i ekspresywny charakter derywatów rzeczownikowych w gwarze Oleśnicy koło Poddębic

Author(s): Izabela Ejsmunt-Wieczorek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/2007

The main aim of this article was to present (on the basis of the rich dialect material) the relationships between the semantic and stylistic functions in attributive noun derivates, as well as, to discuss the differences between the mentioned derivates types. Furthermore, an effort was made to highlight the differences between the dialect and the general Polish language and to point out their possible common features. A certain kind of review of the semantic capacity and the nomenclature of the attributive category in other dialect and general Polish language studies was also performed.

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Językowe kreacje litewskich magnatów w Potopie Henryka Sienkiewicza

Author(s): Magdalena Pietrzak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/2007

The article discusses the fragment of the reality evoked in Potop, and its main issue concerns the images of Lithuanian magnates in the 17th century. In the article aristocratic mentality has been analyzed and reconstructed in detail. The author also points out linguistic ways of creating this social class.

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Beznà komunikâcia obyvatel’ov siićasnych miest vo svetle slovenskÿch sociolingvistickÿch vÿskumov

Author(s): Vladimir Patraś / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 37/1998

Autor ma na celu syntetyzujące przedstawienie badań socjolingwistycznych prowadzonych w słowackich aglomeracjach miejskich. Pierwszy etap badań tzw. języka miasta realizowany był w latach 60. i na początku następnego dziesięciolecia. Metodologia badawcza była oparta na przeciwstawieniu: literackość - nieliterackość środków językowych. Mimo ograniczeń, ten pierwszy socjolingwistyczny projekt wyprzedził swoją epokę. Wyniki badań terenowych wykazały, że potoczna, spontaniczna komunikacja w warunkach miejskich nie jest zjawiskiem jednolitym, (np. literackim), ale hybrydą, której nie można lokalizować tylko w granicach: odmiana literacka - tradycyjny dialekt. Ta hipoteza potwierdziła się wraz z wprowadzeniem komunikacyjnego podejścia do teorii literackiego języka słowackiego ( H o r e c k ÿ 1979). W związku z respektowaniem fenomenu języka narodowego eksponuje się funkcyjnie cechy kompleksowej potoczności. Podejście komunikacyjne zapoczątkowało drugi etap badań języka miejskiego. Oparte na teorii komunikacji i pragmatyki badania z ostatniego dziesięciolecia (1985-1995) sygnalizują wiarygodnie, że formacja komunikacyjna funkcjonująca w środowiskach miejskich jest bardzo dynamiczna, wewnętrznie zróżnicowana, zależna od socjalno-komunikacyjnego statusu jej użytkowników. Potwierdza się pogląd o istnieniu dwóch podstawowych odmian języka narodowego - ustnej i pisanej; każdy wariant odgrywa swoistą rolę w porozumiewaniu się, ma specyficzną normę i profil.

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Język białostockich szyldów i reklam

Author(s): Zofia Abramowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/1998

В статье подвергаются обзору вывески и рекламы, выступающие на стенах зданий и магазинов в Белостоке. Характерной особенностью языка вывесок является номинативность. Информация представлена коротко, используются почти исключительно имена существительные. Элементы рекламы на вывесках проявляются прежде всего в выборе названия - имени фирмы. Язык реклам более богат. Употребляются здесь в большем выборе имена прилагательные в формах всех трёх степеней сравнения, а также глаголы в формах настоящего времени 3 л. ед. и мн. ч. и в повелительном наклонении.

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О stylu językowym Zagłoby w Ogniem i mieczem (w 110 rocznicę Sienkiewiczowskiego arcydzieła)

Author(s): Teresa Świętoslawska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/1996

В статье анализируются художественные приемы, к которым прибегает Сенксвич в первой части своей трилогии в целях иречевой индивидуализации наиболее характерного персонажа в помане Огнем и мечом. Рассматриваютса крылатые слова в речи Заглобы, сентенции, молитвы, пословицы и устойчивые обороты, метафоры и сравнения, лексические и словообразовательные шутки, восточнославянские заимствования (преимущественно украинизмы) и элементы макаронического стиля. Анализ типичных выражений, оборотов, фраз и грамматических форм дополняют разыскания в области их генезиса и с точки зрения выполняемых ими функций. Мастерство Сенкевича в речевом конструировании персонажа заключается в том, что писатель наделил Заглобы такими чертами слога, которые делают его на только живым, хотя и фиктивным, индивидом, но и представителем некого типа героя, действующего в определенных рамках пространства и времени. Именно в этом смысле можно говорить о своеобразии персонажа, его выразительности и неповторимости - с одной стороны. С другой же - о типичности персонажа, заколючающйеся в обобщенном фокусировании черт, которые нризнаютса показательными для польской культуры периода сарматского барокко с ее языковой манерностью, подражающей родной традиции и закрепленной наиболее полно в Воспоминаниях Яна Хризостома Паска.

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Корпусное исследование конкуренции конструкций с функцией «понижения агенса» в славянских языках

Author(s): V. A. Plungian,Anastasia D. Podgornaia / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2022

This paper considers a range of agent-demotion constructions and their translational equivalents in the parallel corpus of M. Bulgakov’s novel Master and Margarita translated into Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Serbian, and German. The agent in such constructions is not prominent: it can be expressed in a less privileged syntactic position, omitted, or be less referential. Specialized means used to code this function in Slavic include passive (Его очки были растоптаны толпой ‘His eyeglasses were trampled by the crowd’) and impersonal constructions, such as, for example, impersonal uses of the 3rd-person forms (Очки растоптали ‘They trampled the eyeglasses’) and the form in -no / -to in Polish (Rozdeptanо okulary).

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