Культурний імперіалізм у дискурсі глобалізації (суб’єктивні фактори)

Author(s): Nina Zrazhevska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 18/2015

In this research the subjective reasons for the expansion of global culture in local cultures are explored. The main objective is to analyze the subjective factors of the cultural imperialism and to show that psychological, marketing and technological factors are no less important than ideological and economic reasons of globalization. The methodology of research is based on cultural approach to the process of cultural imperial-ism, which describes at least four main scenarios of globalization. The first scenario is a global homogenization and cultural unification under the influence of "cultural imperialism". The second scenario, "peripheral corruption" is the expansion of the Western culture to the peripheral segments in a global world, where the peripheral cultures filtrate and adapt the global cultural products. The third scenario is a "mosaic" culture of the isolated competing cultures of the hostile civilizations. The fourth scenario is an open egalitarian world with intense cultural exchange.We conclude that the subjective aspects of cultural globalization relate to the production of discourse, in which great narratives are challenged by the diversity of consumption practices. Given that globalization policy involves multiculturalism, the multiplicity of identities triggered by the virtualization technologies causes the new forms of cultural interaction and allows playing with different cultural contexts. The cultural imperialism is caused by the interpenetration of cultures resulting from the multicultural policy of the Western countries, that creates the effect of self-identity within the global cultural discourse.Cultural imperialism takes place due to the media-globalization, since the media-culture dominates in contemporary cultural discourse. In the contemporary socio-cultural environment, the media acquired global significance and technologically expanded human capabilities. A distinctive feature of the modern technologies is their potential to not only extend human capabilities, but also to significantly influence humanity, change human’s perception of the world and of oneself.Based on the cultural approach to the problem of globalization, we substantiate that in contemporary Ukraine the second scenario of cultural imperialism ("peripheral corruption") dominates. It filtrates the globalized cultural products and adapts them for itself.

The New Journalism

Author(s): Iwona Hofman / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

An attempt at reconstruction of the New Journalism model results from the observation of the crisis symptoms of journalism as a profession and mission (social responsibility). On the grounds of journalists’ and theoreticians’ statements, it is possible to establish a hierarchy of values of the serious journalism, which a social demand is growing for. The New Journalism is most frequently described as the conscious journalism, which provides spectrum of needs and views of recipients. This type of journalism is committed, independent, functioning in the public sphere, credible, realizing educational role. These attributes pertain to journalism. The paper includes standpoints, for example, of S. Michalczyk, B. Hennessy, P. Mancini, S. Russ–Mohl, S. Bratkowski, R. Kapuściński.

Kommunikációs zavar, avagy civilizációk összecsapása? Néhány gondolat a terrorizmus vitához

Author(s): Ferenc Gazdag / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2003

Téma korupcie v tlači na Slovensku

Author(s): Andrej Školkay / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2016

This study takes advantage of Human Assisted Computer Analysis (HACA). In particular, this paper analyses selection, coverage and portrayal of various corruption-related issues and subjects by selected newspapers in Slovakia. HACA revealed that the best coverage of corruption as well as relatively widest variety of different types of corruption was provided by Sme, distantly followed by Pravda and Hospodárske noviny, and finally by Nový Čas. The results of our analysis have suggested that also the largest number of corruption-related articles published during the monitored period appeared in the liberal daily Sme. Yet, reviewed literature further revealed rather confusing and partially contradictory results in related research areas.

IMPROVING TRUST THROUGH ETHICAL LEADERSHIP: MOVING BEYOND THE SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY TO A HISTORICAL LEARNING APPROACH

Author(s): Omoregie Charles Osifo / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2016

The complex nature of trust and its evolving relative concepts require a more idealistic and simpler review. Ethical leadership is related to trust, honesty, transparency, compassion, empathy, results-orientedness, and many other behavioral attributes. Ethical leadership and good leadership are the same, because they represent practicing what one preaches or showing a way to the accomplishment of set goals. The outcomes and findings of many research papers on trust and ethical leadership report positive correlations between ethical leadership and trust. Improving trust from different rational standpoints requires moving and looking beyond the popular theoretical framework through which most results are derived in order to create a new thinking perspective. Social learning theory strongly emphasizes modelling while the new historical learning approach, proposed by the author, is defined as an approach that creates unique historical awareness among individuals, groups, institutions, societies, and nations to use previous experience(s) or occurrence(s) as a guide in developing positive opinion(s) and framework(s) in order to tackle the problems and issues of today and tomorrow. Social learning theory is seen as limited from the perspectives of balancing the equation between leadership and trust, the non-compatibility of the values of different generations at work, and other approaches and methods that support the historical approach. This paper is argumentative, adopts a writer´s perspective, and employs a logical analysis of the literature. The main contention is that a historical learning approach can inform an independent-learning to improve trust and its relatives (e.g. motivation and performance), because independent learning can positively shape the value of integrity, which is an integral part of ethical leadership. Historical learning can positively shape leadership in every perspective, because good leadership can develop based on history and past experience; this in return helps in improving trust at every level.

POLITICAL COMMUNICATION AND INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC OPINION: A STUDY OF JOKOWI’S INDONESIA

Author(s): Sukawarsini Djelantik / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2016

Joko Widodo (nicknamed Jokowi) is Indonesia’s 7th President, elected amid strong popular hope for a new, clean, and effective government. With the support from Indonesia’s Democratic Party for Struggle (PDIP), Jokowi won popular support (53%) against Prabowo (47%) in the 2014 election. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of Jokowi’s political communication from the general election up to his presidency (2014-2015). Furthermore, the paper discusses Jokowi’s international image through verbal and non-verbal communication. Prabowo, his rival during the election, depicted Jokowi as an Enemy of Islam, a supporter of Christianity, an anti-Muslim, a Zionist, and a mere puppet of the West, in addition to drawing attention to his Chinese descent. Jokowi’s main supporters were volunteers, or “the people’s coalition” as the media called them. Jokowi’s victory was due to the strong support of volunteers who had made effective use of social media (Facebook, Twitter, SMS, and online games). Jokowi’s most significant volunteers were performers and musicians who successfully organized spectacular music concerts for free. These concerts enabled the increase of popular support significantly. After Jokowi became President, people’s expectations were very high. Their expectations were tempered by previous experiences when Indonesia was challenged by corruption perpetrated at various levels of government as well as business interests. This research aims to analyze Jokowi’s political communication performance and international image using the Strength, Weakness, Threat and Opportunity (SWOT) analysis. It concludes that Jokowi’s failures were due to poor political communication management. However, his changes in political strategies and management of coalition parties have successfully gained both media and popular support.

Political Campaign in the Age of Omnipotent Mass Media

Author(s): Lucia Dancisinova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

At present, the mass media have a profound influence on political communication. Therelationship between the mass media and politics is complicated and can be seen as a fight towin the better position. That is why politicians have been constantly trying to set the rules oftheir media presentation. In the case of United States presidential debates, the candidates havemanaged to take control over the production of official televised debates. The Memoranda ofUnderstanding signed and pre-negotiated by two major U. S. political parties before televisedpresidential debates represent examples of political manipulation of the media. In this study, we analyse the Memorandum of 1992 in order to answer some of the criticisms in order tounderstand the process of political distortion of reality.

Neke od opštih karakteristika kampanje za vanredne parlamentarne izbore 2014. godine

Author(s): Zoran Đ. Slavujević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 11/2014

Serbian political and party stage has been basically changed after the 2014 early elections. That is why the author points out to some of the main features of the election campaign we coud take into consideration in an attempt to explain election results: rather short election campaign was the result of numerous campaigns led during the pre-election period; though all the participants argued they were leading positive campaigns, the campaign overall was negative with numerous elements of a „dirty“ campaign; election promises made in a general manner, negative as well as „dirty“ elements brought about the deficit of rational discus sion and made „logic of the heart“ to be prevailing in the campaign and it took the charac teristics of an irrational one; economic and social topics were predominant but once again the campaign cannot be identified as an issue campaign but as a leadership one;leadership campaign unveiled a deep crisis of managing potentials, especially crisis of leadershipand while voters were left to choose among immature and „used“ leaders.

Regionalna i lokalna uporišta političkih stranaka i koalicija

Author(s): Nikola Tamburkovski / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 11/2014

The aim of this paper is to analyze the phenomenon of regional and local strongholds of different parties, i.e. their strongholds in towns and municipalities in Serbia, where some electoral lists for the parliamentary and local elections win a far greater percentage of votes compared to their overall support throughout the country. In the first place, we are offeringseveral answers to the question of what might be called the stronghold of a list. Then we analyze the trend of increase of the number of these local communities in the last few election cycles. Afterwards, we present a number of different tactics used by parties to form a stronghold – empirical examples are given on the basis of the 2014 parliamentary elections and the campaign that preceded them. The final part of the paper tries to answer the question of whether an increase or decrease in support for certain parties in certain strategically important parts of the country in recent years could have a significant impact on their overall electoral success.

Permanent campaign in Poland – causes, elements, importance

Author(s): Agnieszka Zaręba / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2016

A permanent campaign is one of the elements of political communication. It can be observed as a process since at least 2004. The aim of this analysis is the description of the phenomenon of the permanent campaign in Poland in terms of its genesis, elements and importance. The permanent campaign in Poland depends on several factors. First of all, its existence is possible thanks to the development of new media, political advising, and media visibility of politician’s activity. The permanent campaign has lasted in Poland since 2004. It is connected with the development of political consulting and the appearance for the first time in Poland of specific media performances, such as inquiry committees. They were a kind of media attraction for viewers. An important element of the permanent campaign is the functioning of a multi-dimensional conflict between the rulers and the opposition. Antagonism is usually based on a different system of values, is difficult to eliminate, is profitable for both sides of the conflict, because it arouses the interest of the media and the audience’s attention.

Significance of regional media in political communication of municipality´ representatives with the public. Case study

Author(s): Ján Višňovský,Erika Obertová,Martin Baláž / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2016

Regional and local print and electronic media in Slovakia achieved the significant development since the 90s of the 20th century. Paradoxically, relevant attention is not yet devoted to the question of media operating in the territory of a village or a region in context of regional political communication in Slovakia. Regional and local media are important communication factors in a relation local politics – media – the public although they fulfill other functions as well. The aim of this research was to prove the application of regional and local media as effective tool for creation of desired image of municipality ´s representatives in the essential part of the public through the exhibition of the display of the selected media effects in relation local media – local audience. This research maps political communication of the representatives of Slovak town Žiar nad Hronom by means of contents analysis published in “Mestské noviny Žiar nad Hronom”. It concentrates on frequency of display of the public representatives and the recipient´s understanding of their importance as well as establishing the themes that city management considers to be priority. It is assumed that systematically and strategically directed communication through the local newspapers can maintain popularity of actual political representation and form desirable media image of its political representatives.

Mediji saučesnici u ratu, sljedbenici politika u miru

Author(s): Amila Grbo / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 73/2016

The underdeveloped societies of Eastern Europe (societies in transition) realize the initial experience of free democratic development after the collapse of communism. Having experienced the tragedy of wars, the former Yugoslav countries, especially Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina but also Serbia, represent the living examples of using the media with evil functions and purposes. However, it should be emphasised that the main actor of evil and aggression was the nationalistic regime of Slobodan Milošević in Serbia and that the media, held under control by Serbia, actuated war. In this regard are particularly interesting experiences and practices of the media during the war and the attempts made to establish freedom to work of the media after the war. Those experiences are important examples of aligning with ethics, now as an element of consciousness but also as a reason for the need of standardization within the public sphere. The events in the former Yugoslavia should be viewed in the context of the dissolution of a political system, but also the system of values, on one hand, and, on the other hand, in terms of trying to nullify certain cultures, that is, to impose a ‘superior’ culture in order to change or destroy entire nations. These experiences are important, especially in the circumstances of spreading the ‘global strategy’ (à la Brzezinski) in the countries of former Yugoslavia, and the attempts to democratize the societies destroyed by the national-fascist Serbian ideology. The context of our analysis, therefore, is a society in the context of war and the work of journalists (the media) as an example of a function of imposing or defending the system of values, the conquest or liberation.

Continuities and discontinuities: changing patterns in journalism and media in Central and Eastern Europe

Author(s): Agnieszka Stępińska,Gabriella Szabó / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The aim of this Special Issue of Central European Political Studies is to bring media scholars together and to reflect on the current trends in political journalism in our region. The focus of the articles is trained on the discovery of the shifts and continuities in journalistic practises 25 years after the collapse of the communist regimes. Some of the findings and conclusions presented in the volume come from studies conducted within the framework of international comparative research projects such as Worlds of Journalism, Journalistic Role Performance Around the Globe, or Media Accountability and Transparency in Europe (MediaAcT). The others come from single, national empirical studies or analyses on the media systems conducted in the Central and Eastern countries.

Multimodality and the Construal of Reality in Political Cartoons - The Case of Serbia-EU Relationship

Author(s): Tatjana Đurović,Nadežda Silaški / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

Complementing the broad framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson 1980; Johnson 1987; Benczes, Barcelona, & Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez 2011; etc.) and Critical Metaphor Analysis (Charteris-Black 2004; Musolff 2006) with research on multimodality from a cognitive viewpoint (Forceville 1996, 2008; Forceville & Urios-Aparisi 2009; Bounegru & Forceville 2011; etc.), in this paper we address the topic of Serbia-EU relations unfolded in pictorial and multimodal discourse in news media in order to explore how this topic is communicated via metaphors and other cognitive instruments in newspaper cartoons. The data collection for our analysis consists of 15 cartoons published in the Serbian daily newspaper Politika in the period 2009-2015, which depict the concept of the EU in relation to Serbia and the varied political and social issues associated with it. Modelling our method of analysis on Bounegru and Forceville (2011), we try to show not only how pictorial and multimodal metaphors reveal the underlying metaphor scenarios, those of journey, school, sport and liquid, but also how multimodal discourse becomes a powerful tool of conveying different evaluative content and rhetorical impact when set within a specific socio-political context.

Ustavno pravo vlasti da osniva medije?

Author(s): Vladimir V. Vodinelić,Vladimir V. Vodinelić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/2013

(1) Preparation of the new media laws in Serbia in 2013 provided an opportunity to see how much media professionals, their legal advisors and authorities have failed to accept the idea that public authorities neither should set up nor fund the media. (2) The author first analyzes whether the provision of the law that entitles local authorities to set media up is in force or not. He warns of the collision between the norms that allow it and the norms that prohibit it, demonstrating that the above-mentioned conflict cannot be solved equivocally in any of the 3 manners of application of the collision norms he presents in the paper. (3) Draft Law on Public Information and Media from 2013 proposes the privatization of media of local authorities and prohibition of future setting up of media by the local authorities. The author disputes the claims that such provisions are contrary to Serbia’s Constitution from 2006. He points out that views that Constitution guarantees the right to set media up to everyone, including the local authorities, that have been put forth by number of lawyers, are essentially a laymen’s interpretation: Such an interpretation is reduced to mere linguistic interpretation of the word „everyone“, used in the Constitution, in a colloquial manner! The author maintains that such an interpretation is intrinsically at fault, as the freedom of expression of opinion, which encompasses the right to set the media up, is a basic human right. He further maintains that such freedoms and rights are guaranteed to individuals and not to public authorities, since such rights are conceived as individual’s protection against public authorities.

„Kritiški piliečiai“? Posovietinės jaunimo kartos požiūris į demokratiją, politiką ir sovietinę praeitį

Author(s): Eglė Tuzaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2016

The article based on the results of a qualitative study of the post-Soviet young generation’s perceptions of life in the Soviet Union analyzes the youth’s attitudes to democracy, themselves as Lithuanian citizens, and politics. Supplementing the results of the research conducted in Lithuania and abroad on young people’s political behavior, the article answers the question whether the younger people of post-Soviet generation who have none or very few memories of life in the Soviet period are more spiritual and look at democracy more favorably than the older generation. The article demonstrates that young people are critical of the current democratic and political situation in the country and believe that a large part of the current problems in Lithuania results from the undemocratic past. They have high hopes associated with their own post-Soviet generation in assuming that with the change of generations the quality of democracy will improve, different values will prevail in politics and the political culture will change. In the article, these hopes are juxtaposed with the actual data that highlights major contradictions between the reality and its perceptions.

Ku demokracji informacyjnej poprzez formy online udziału politycznego

Author(s): Antonina Mytko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

This article presents tests of information democracy process model. Its basic forms were defined as – direct, semi-direct, open source democracy. Following subjects were analyzed: electronic voting, on-line election, on-line referendum, electronic parliament and other process models of information democracy. The paper presents the opportunities and benefits to the citizens in the sphere of in-formation, including the management process and the political system

Internet nie śpi, internet reaguje. Memy internetowe jako forma komentarza do bieżących wydarzeń społecznych i politycznych

Author(s): Krzysztof Piskorz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 (223)/2015

This article applies to Internet memes as a specific form of communication existing in new media. The subject of research are memes as a way of commenting on social and political events. The author focuses on the analysis of examples of such “reactionary” memes, trying to describe their nature and the ways in which they comment on reality. He delineates the evolution of the internet meme from the stereotypical “funny cat picture” to clear voice of protest. He also follows the route they pass – from the social networking sites, to the meme galleries available on information sites, where memes are also treated as a kind of Internet “vox populi”. The author also points to the other uses of the Internet meme – for example, the commercial one.

Nowy wymiar publicystyki politycznej? Memy jako forma krytyki Hanny Gronkiewicz- Waltz

Author(s): Magdalena Mateja,Piotr Ciesielski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 (223)/2015

The starting point for the authors of the article is the recognition of the memes – the Internet jokes – as a brand of visual journalism. Memes, like a comment, feuilleton or journalistic article, are up-to-date and biased, often acting as blunt commentary on the decisions and behavior of politicians. In the first, theoretical part of the article the authors attempt to define the meme, and present its evolution in the wider, genological- historical context. They look for its affinities with the satirical drawing, photomontage and caricature, devoting some consideration to the Internet’ influence on the development of the classical media genres and on the creation of entirely new forms of expression. In the second part the results of the empirical, semiological research on the Internet memes concerning the politician Hanna Gronkiewicz- Waltz are presented.

Społeczne postrzeganie statusu zawodowego dziennikarzy przed i po 1989 roku. Analizy porównawcze

Author(s): Małgorzata Gruchoła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (226)/2016

Changes which began in Poland after 1989, radically changed the situation of the media. Media, which previously served as a service to authority regained independence, themselves becoming the “fourth power”. Action in terms of freedom of expression on the one hand gave various social groups the opportunity to articulate their arguments, on the other hand imposed on journalists a special responsibility. The aim of this paper is a comparative analysis of public perception of the professional status of journalists before and after 1989, in the light of public opinion polls conducted by the Center for Public Opinion Research and Public Opinion Research Centre in the years 1985– 2014. It is an attempt to answer the following research problems: – Is a journalist is seen just as many, or as a specific profession? – Is Journalism is a form of social service or business? – What is a group portrait of the journalist works in the public consciousness? In the process of research we assumed the following thesis: In the last 30 years the public perception of the status of professional journalist has not changed. However, we refuted the thesis which we formulated in the beginning of the article. In the last 30 years some unfavorable changes have occurred in the perception of the work of journalists. Has increased the belief that they seek sensationalism by all means and do not strive to reveal the truth. Their honesty and credibility weakened. More often they are perceived as biased. In developing the research material we used the following methodology: comparative analysis, secondary quantitative content analysis, qualitative content analysis and analytical and descriptive method.