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Dialogowość w ulotce wyborczej

Author(s): Grzegorz Majkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2017

This paper touches upon the issue of dialogism on the example of election leaflets. The source material used were the leaflets distributed on the Polish territory during elections to the Polish Sejm and Senate as well as presidential and local government elections since 1918, when Poland regained independence. It was assumed that dialogism belongs to any text, including a leaflet. I was acknowledged that a dialogue is a form of language existence related to its social, communicative nature. Characteristic textual linguistic exponents of dialogism were distinguished: addressative forms, e.g. Bracia Chłopi! (Fellow Peasants!), forms with the so-called inclusive we, e.g. Musimy zwyciężyć (We must win), second person singular imperative verbs, e.g. oddaj (cast) (a vote), rzeczytaj (read), personal pronouns and their inflected forms, e.g. proszę Was o głos (literally: I’m asking for your votes), an official salutation państwo (you)(a polite equivalent of the pronoun wy (you)), e.g. Będę [...] realizował Państwa pomysły (I will… fulfil your ideas), possessive pronouns: twój (your), nasz (our), e.g. Proszę o Twój głos (literally: I’m asking for your vote); pomysły na rozwój Naszego Miasta (ideas for the development of o u r city), interrogatives, e.g. Czy nie powinno być więcej żłobków […] w naszym mieście? (Shouldn’t there be more nurseries… in our city?). The category of dialogism expands the knowledge of intratextual and extratextual relations. This is how it brings the knowledge about types of utterances closer. The example of dialogism in election leaflets clearly demonstrates that a genre is an open and dynamic structure which adapts to the social and cultural context.

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Bağlantısal Eylemin Mantığı: Sayısal Medya ve Çekişmeci Siyasetin Kişiselleştirilmesi

Author(s): W. Lance Bennett,Alexandra Segerberg / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 83/2015

Arap Baharı ve İspanya’daki öfkeliler hareketinden ve Wall Street İşgal eylemlerine (ve ötesine) büyük çaplı ve aralıksız süregelen protestolarda, sayısal medya basitçe mesaj alışverişinin çok ötesine geçen şekillerde kullanılmaktadır. Bu eylem oluşumlarının bazıları, formel tuğla ve harç (brick and mortar) kuruluşlara görece küçük roller biçmektedir. Diğerleri, kişiselleştirilmiş kamusal katılımı mümkün kılan teknolojileri kullanan, diğer kuruluşlarla melez ilişkilere sahip, iyice kurumsallaşmış savunucu kuruluşları içermektedir. Her ikisi de, genelde toplumsal hareketler ve savunuculuk ile ilişkilendirilen, örgütsel olarak yönetilen, daha bilindik eylem biçimlerinden farklılaşır. Bu makale, iletişimin, örgütsel yapının önde gelen parçası olduğu durumlarda ortaya çıkan örgütsel dinamikleri incelemektedir. Makale, büyük ölçekli eylem ağlarındaki çeşitlenmeyi anlayabilmek için süreçte rol oynayan iki mantık arasında bir ayrıma gitmek gerektiğini iddia eder: Yüksek düzey örgütsel kaynak ve kolektif kimlik inşası ile ilişkilendirilen, iyi bilinen kolektif eylem mantığı ve medya ağlarında kişiselleştirilmiş içerik paylaşımına dayanan, daha az bilinen bağlantısal eylem mantığı. Birincisinde sayısal medyanın devreye girmesi eylemin esas dinamiklerini değiştirmezken, ikincisinde değiştirir. Makale, bu ayrımlardan hareketle günümüz çekişmeci siyasetinde öne çıkan üç büyük ölçekli eylem ağı ideal tipi üzerinde duracaktır.

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Perspektiva nove europske jezične politike

Author(s): Karmen Krajina / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2008

In the society of total globalization and internationalization, model of multilingualism is not new model. The factors of globalization and internationalization considerably contribute to its importance. The work is dealing with the notion of multilingualism and learning of foreign languages as a part of language policy respectively. We can examine the multilingual model on the European level as the basic value since the structure of European integration processes particularly distinguished language and cultural variety of the member countries. What to accentuate here is the importance of choice of an individual language and access of learning of certain language in schools as well as the way and the volume of the offer. In Europe, the multilingualism becomes a standard but to urge it in small countries does not mean to push out mothertongue. On the contrary, it means to stop giving advantage to native speakers who speak the languages of the large countries. Cultural and language particularities of EU country members will be an important identification characteristic meaning further on that multilingualism will become one of the features of the Europeans, similar to countries like Switzerland, Belgium and Luxemburg. Thus, we can suppose that the importance of various languages in Europe will become even more distinguished and that it will be a challenge to the contact linguistics, notably to language policy. Besides, it is necessary to examine very carefully the plan of introduction and order of learning foreign languages. The conclusion within the structure of multilingual policy is to systematize with argument and plan the Croatian language policy and to carry out the choice and order in learning certain foreign languages.

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British diplomatic language

Author(s): Violeta Negrea / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The article aims to throw light on specific effectiveness capabilities of the British diplomatic language in international relationships. The linguistic approach will focus on the particular techniques by which British diplomats have successfully developed responsibility, persuasiveness and power frommedieval times till modern day, when training reveals its highly evaluated potential.

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Srpsko političko besedništvo

Author(s): Aleksandar Marković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 27/2013

For successful engagement in politics, memorable public appearance, synthesis of good orator and good oration has always been necessary. In the first part this paper the author analyses the political rhetoric in general, its basic features and some specific features, while in the second part, the emphasis is placed on the Serbian political rhetoric and its specific characteristics. The second part is interwoven with the history of Serbian political rhetoric in order to explain the main thesis of the paper that the content of orations, and the public appearance, is dependant on the specific historical circumstances in which the Serbian government and the politicians were at the given time.

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Neverbalna komunikacija bojama u javnom nastupu

Author(s): Lidija Ž. Mirkov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 25/2012

Journalists and their sources, this way or another, are indeed public speakers. We all take that role sometimes in our lives, whether we are aware of it or not and not only through the media. We speak publicly – without media or through media channels. The audience is reacting on words said, but even more on non-verbal communication: gestures, mimics, physical appearance of the speaker, environment, colours (of the clothes, walls or the package if it’s a product). In everyday life, we dress according to our mood, but when we are engaged in a public job, we can not afford ourselves that kind of luxury. Not only that the colours we choose affect the perception of others about our abilities to keep track with the latest fashion, but also there is a subconcious interpretation of the meaning for each colour in every human’s mind. When we see someone wearing pink, we consider he/she as friendlier than people wearing other colours. The person in red will be said to be tempered and active, but someone wearing grey will be considered to be passive and indetermined. The most important thing for a speaker (journalists, PRs, politicians and so on) is to be accepted by his/her audience. They shouldn’t forget to surround themselves with the colours that make the same or similar symbolic message which they express verbally in front of the audience. Well, at least it shouldn’t be the opposite. Several different perspectives on colours have emerged in science, but so far there were no researches about colours in public speaking. Chromatics exsists as a part of psychology, anthropology, the history of arts, theories of marketing and PR, but communication studies have just recently incorporated visual studies in European universities and from there spread on. Serbian authors also haven’t been trying to consolidate visual studies of chromatics into communication theories. They rather go with the flow of the traditional science which explors the subject. Hoping that one day visual studies and chromatics will become a part of Serbian academic community, this paper is about communication with colours during public appearances.

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Eliminisanje središnjeg čoveka

Author(s): Aleksandra R. Krstić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 25/2012

The review of/Prikaz: Peter Dahlgren, “Media and Political Engagement – Citizens, Communication and Democracy”; Cambridge University Press, 2009

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Поимање медија и политике: Пет принципа политичке комуникације

Author(s): Adrijana Stojanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2013

Review

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The Concept of Participation. If They Have Access and Interact, do They Really Participate?

Author(s): Nico Carpentier / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2011

Participation is a concept that is being used in a wide variety of fields, and that has obtained an evenly wide range of meanings. This article attempts first to ground participation in democratic theory, which allows introducing the distinction between minimalist and maximalist forms of participation. In the second part of the article, a broad definition of the political will be used to transcend to logics of institutionalized politics, and to emphasize that the distribution of power in society is a dimension of the social that permeates every possible societal field. Both discussions are used to describe the key characteristics of participation, and to increase the concept’s theoretical foundation. The article then zooms in on one of these characteristics, namely the difference between access, interaction and participation, as this distinction allows further sharpening the key meanings attributed to participation as a political process where the actors involved in decision-making processes are positioned towards each other through power relationships that are (to an extent) egalitarian.

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Политичко (анти)рекламирање у изборном процесу 2012. у Србији – Начин вођења изборне кампање као одраз политичке културе –

Author(s): Aleksandra Mirović,Petar M. Matić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2012

Primary objective of this article is to investigate effects of negative campaign on elections in Serbia during May, 2012. Content analysis is the basic analysis instrument, which provides useful mechanism for interpretation of political parties marketing, as well as speeches of its leaders, analysts and expert public. Second analytical method is comparative, exploring the consequences of negative campaigns in different political systems as well as in Serbia. On the one side, authors point out that negative campaign has lead to electoral demobilization and legitimacy crisis deepening, while on other, it has produced lasting effects on promotion of democratic values in Serbia.

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Лобирање – усмерена комуникација са утицајним јавностима

Author(s): Luka V. Todorović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2012

This paper represents the review of the influence of communication on the influential public and the role of the process of lobbying on that activity. After the conceptual definition of communication and lobbying, the process of decision- making is set as a referent framework, within which the author analyzed how political actors outside the government fight for their interests, and how they influence on the making, amendment or change of the decisions. In order for the lobby activity to be seriously and adequately accepted, it is necessary that the actors of influence, lobbyists, have their strategies and techniques of which, at the bottom end, depend the results of the overall activity. At the end, the aim of the paper is to point out that lobbying can „transgress“ the boundaries of action which were determined by norms, but, which is more important, there are significant and decisive communication differences between lobbying and corruption, and where the corruption starts, the lobbying ends.

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Ка дефиницији политичког беседништва – ауторитарно и демократско политичко комуницирање

Author(s): Marko M. Đorđević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2012

This paper explores the political (deliberative) oratory, placing an emphasis on general rhetorical and stylistic features of recent political rhetoric in Serbia since 1988. to 2003. Looking at it as one of the most significant communication instruments of political struggle, an instrument for the launching of political ideas, but also an instrument of political manipulation, we started defining the concept and functions of political rhetoric and discuss the specifics of its genre and modality. On the basis of a theoretic model on the existence of dominant communication paradigms, the authoritarian, the democratic and the liberal one, general and specific rhetorical and stylistic traits in the speeches of most prominent participants of the then political life. The manners in which spoken word, via mass media, both directly and indirectly, influenced the auditorium and shaped the public opinion were particularly observed. The stress was on political oratory as „a skill of persuasion“, as well as on the relationship speaker –speech – the media- listeners.

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Демократски експанзионизам и проблем слободе

Author(s): Zoran M. Avramović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2012

In work are analyzed contemporary processes of propagation (imposing) by leading Western countries and International Organizations. Ideological and political shift of attention from the inner to the international issue of democracy suggests the assumption that the field of ideas, values and knowledge about democracy is saturated and that it is a time to start with its practical universalization. In the first part of article are considered modalities of democratic expansionism. Besides Organization of UN and other international organizations in the spread of democracy by all means are involved governments of Western countries, media, NGOs, and prominent figures. Also is conceded the role of intra- calls to foreign countries to democratize society. The third part analyzes the freedom as a constituent of democracy. But what happens to freedom when it gets to its own democratic realization? It preserves democracy but also runs into something new? Is this something new in spread of democracy over its own borders? This question remains open.

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Oд посредника у општењу до фактора исхода ратова - западни медији масовних комуникација и еx-југословенска криза

Author(s): Mirjana Radojičić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2012

In the text the author focuses on the Western mass media’s elaboration of the complex ex-Yugoslav case throughout its long duration. She starts by inferring that the efficacy of Western media in the that sense cannot be conceived as it should be if regarded outside the wide context of ethically disputable features of Western society’s media functioning in modern times. Those characteristics are discussed in the first part of the article and then the author focuses on the West European and US communicology of the ex- Yugoslav crisis. Using excerpts from printed and electronic media of the West, she illustrates her stand that it, throughout the ex- Yugoslav crisis, played a role of a warring side which, as some authors have already perceived, did not even bother to appear neutral or objective. As such, the Western mass media put them- selves in the service of the political interests of their own states, which coincided with the interests of all except the Serbian participants in the ex- Yugoslav crisis, the author concludes.

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Mill and Popper: The Boundaries of Freedom and the “Open Society”

Author(s): Željko Simić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

Political Essay

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Дипломатско преговарање у функцији спољне политике државе

Author(s): Željko Mojsilović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2011

The paper analyzes the diplomatic negotiations as one of the crucial methods of conducting the foreign policy of the state, which also determines the position of that country in relation to major international events. In addition to the use of force in interstates relations, throughout history, many conflicts were resolved in negotiations. Although the skills of diplomacy and negotiation are almost as old as the existence of the states, what happens today is that people dealing with diplomacy are not trained for it or do not possess desirable characteristics for a diplomat and negotiator. Some of the factors may positively influence the negotiation process and contribute to finding a solution acceptable to all parties, while others can disrupt the communication. Knowing the strategy of diplomatic negotiation and factors that influence the diplomatic negotiations are of crucial importance for the country’s international position and its relations with other countries and with international organizations.

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Концептуалне основе истраживања релација дискурса, моћи, политике и демократије

Author(s): Milena M. Pešić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2011

Generally understood as the linguistic/semantic structures represented in the written and spoken medium, in accordance to the determined rules and communication intention, i.e. the use of it in certain conversational and sociocultural/political context, the discourses represent the sociolinguistic phenomena, which analysis is as of no doubt of scientific importance; they are, neverthless, not only the important factors in the process of social communication, but also closely linked to the means by which a society is governed and how it is managed. This points out the importance of research of the role of governing/ public discourse in the construction of social life, identity and social performance, as well as of analysis of its political dimensions. Relevant theoretical basis of such research, which received its numerous empirical achievements and angles, is questioning the relation of the discourse, power and politics. One of the inevitable departure of such conceptual analysis is certainly a research, that was scientifically very productive in the last two decades, of the concept of discourse, or providing some kind of encoding of the meaning of it, pointing out its different dimensions and different contexts of its use. In that purpose, at the beginning of this study, we provide a review of basic meanings of the discourse, gave them some feedback and determined the baseline conceptualization of this term. Furthermore, we tried to provide a synthesized view on the expansion and enrichment of this concept, which is the technical (linguistic) term, through the interdisciplinary development and specifications carved into a multifunctional tool for the social analysis. The political potential of a language and its (mis)use is the eternal Orwellian theme that has entered into a combination of interdisciplinary interpretation of the various spheres and levels of expression. The discourse is seen as a kind of a linguistic structure, which social use represents a specific exertion of power. By linking the notion of discourse with the concept of power in his research, Michel Foucault gave the main impetus to these studies, therefore this article gives a special attention to his fundaments of research. As a unique conclusive review, in contrast to Habermas' concept of communicative power as the power of discourse / debate, we set up a Foucaul¬ tian discourse of power and by comparing their opposing positions we indicate the two final points in the conceptualization of this term.

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Етичност дневне штампе у Србији

Author(s): Zoran B. Jevtović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2011

In the text, ethics of journalism is considered as a complex area that include journalistic and editorial activities as well as activities of other participants in the processes of public communication who are able to state their opinions, ideas and programs influencing others. The focus is on content analysis of leading newspapers in the national information space and on identifying the ethical form by which the relationship between facts and moral dilemmas and ethical values, but also structural social and economic relations that determine changes in the mass media and political fields are established. The investigative journalism has no future in the industrial news production, while the interpretation of the facts are increasingly carried out in accordance with the expectations of powerful advertisers, political elites, PR agencies, interest groups and the invisible power centers. By content analysis of newspapers in Serbia, we note that in the context of social and political issues the desired plurality of opinion is missing. Good journalism is never threatened the technologies that have followed him, but poor quality (apologetic) reporting, ready to leave, for the sake of higher profits, to the classic standards of journalistic ethics.

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Vizuelni i verbalni elementi političkog plakata

Author(s): Andrijana Rabrenović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 17/2010

In this paper visual elements (image,colour, shape, size, letter type ) as well as the verbal elements of a political poster (messages addressed in particular situations) are being analyzed from the point of political marketing. Since the first poster has been made in terms of it present meaning, i.e. since the end of XIX century, we have been noticing the direct effect of new art waves of that time upon the form and contents of the poster: Art nouveau, expressionism, cubism, constructivism, futurism, supremacism, neoplasticism, dadaism, and we give their characteristics in order to understand more easily how specific elements of the poster had been developing. Since the centre of this analysis is the poster itself, it is necessary to present and interpret the meanings of symbols and slogans through the most representative examples of posters. Speaking of symbols, depending on classification, we distinguish: simple and complex, symbols displaying things, happenings, people or groups with specific connotation, and also, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic symbols as well as other symbols and actions. As for the slogans, through examples they have been divided into slogans-themes, image-slogans or call slogans. The analysis of the contents will serve as the basic working method, considering that the visual presentation of the poster and its message represent the basis for understanding its marketing effect. By this method, the dominant contents of the messages put forward through the posters, will be researched, as well as the ways of their presentations and art accessories being used, and the components of attitudes on which their action is targeted.

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Dog-whistle: rečnik moderne demokratije

Author(s): Violeta Cvetkovska-Ocokoljić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 17/2010

This paper will explore the dog-whistle technique of communication, which is in use in modern democratic politics. This technique was given the metaphorical name “dog-whistle”, whose sound can hear dogs, but people can not. In the same way, the politicians are sending coded messages to specific target group that can “hear” it, while others remain in “darkness”. Basic characteristics of dog-whistle messages are ambiguity (different recipients hear different messages) and the possibility of denial. The role of media is of crucial importance in the transmission of dog-whistle messages given that the modern political practice is grounded in the media, which due to the transfer information nature, allows manipulation of the mass population. The emphasis of this research is on the ways of specific message recognition by the target group, rather than on the “original” message of certain politicians. The paperwork contains an explanation of dog-whistle technique action, with methods that it uses. The paper presents examples of American and Australian politicians who use dog-whistle technique. Also, the individual examples of using of this technique on the Serbian political scene are given. Through these examples it is possible to determine the existence and action of dog-whistle technique, in the world as well as on local (Serbian) level. Examples given in this paper point to the fact that Serbian politicians are not lagging behind global political trends.

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