Frazeološki rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika
Review of: Dr Josip Matešić, "Frazeološki rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika", „Školska knjiga“, Zagreb, 1982.; by: Josip Baotić
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Review of: Dr Josip Matešić, "Frazeološki rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika", „Školska knjiga“, Zagreb, 1982.; by: Josip Baotić
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В настоящей работе автор рассматривает уначение и происхождение фразеологических единиц в сербохорватском языке типа: попила му сврака мозак, померити неком даидало, не зарезивати » skot, земљосо се, абоносо се, летвосо се.
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The expression »dog days« is usually associated with the sultry summer period unbearable even to dogs. On the basis of the texts taken from the old Croatian literature the author proves that the adjective »dog« in the syntagma »dog days« refers to the Dog Star which, during that period, rises at the same time as the Sun.
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Discussing the influence of the oriental and the western cultures on the Yugoslav cookery vocabulary, the author pays special attention to the use of expressions denoting tripes. He also considers a number of idiomatic phrases and verbs like „smejati se kao lud na brašno” („to laugh like a madman when shown flour” — to be easy to provoke to laugh), „raspekmeziti se” (pekmez — jam / to become overly sentimental), „raspilaviti se” (pilav — pilaf/ to be overjoyed, to be deeply moved), „opasuljiti se” (pasulj — beans / to sober up), etc.
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Jede in der Sprache auftretende Verbindbarkeit von Wörtern unterliegt bestimmten innersprachlichen (grammatikalischen) und außersprachlichen Beschränkungen. Der Unterschied zwischen a) zdrava žena und b) crna knjiga bzw. c) na vrbi svirala besteht im Grad dieser Beschränkungen. Wenn Teile einer Wortverbindung aufeinander angewiesen bzw. abhängige Bestandteile der Verbindung sind, die nur als Ganzes einen Sinn ergibt, nennen wir sie »unfreie« oder »feste« Wortverbindung (Beispiele unter b) und c)), im anderen Fall (Beispiel unter a)) »freie« Wortverbindungen. Die linguistische Disziplin, die sich festen Wortverbindungen beschäftigt, wird Phraseologie genannt. Ihr Wesen läßt sich jedoch nur im Vergleich mit den freien Wortverbindungen bestimmen. Die Phraseologie wurde vor allem durch die in der Nachkriegszeit in der Sowjetunion geführten Untersuchungen zu einer selbständigen Disziplin. Da viele Begriffe wie Wesensbestimmung, Festlegung oder Abgrenzung dieser Disziplin noch umstritten sind, bildet die genaue Beschreibung und Festlegung ihrer Einhet — des Phrasems — die unabdingbare Voraussetzung für eine erfolgreiche Beschreibung und Bestandsaufnahme des phraseologischen Gutes einer Sprache. Aus diesem Gründe hat die am Slavichen Seminar der Universität Mannheim tätige Forschungsgruppe, die seit einiger Zeit die Herausgabe eines Phraseologischen Wörterbuchs des Kroatischen oder Serbischen und eines Phraseologischen Wörterbuches Kroato- serbisch — Deutsch vorbereitet, sich zu einer Definition des Begriffs Phrasem entschlossen, aus der sich folgende vier relevante Merkmale ergeben: a) Reproduzierbarkeit — bedeutet Einheiten der Sprache, die als Ganzes im Verlauf der Rade reproduziert werden. b) Formale Zusammensetzung — bedeutet Einheiten der Sprache von mindestens zwei Autosemantika. c) Idiomazität — bedeutet Umdeutung mindestens eines Gliedes des Phrasems. d) Einfügung in den Satz (Kontext) bedeutet — Phraseme fungieren als Satzglieder, ohne allein einen eigenen Text zu bilden. Nur jene Wortverbindungen gelten nach unserem Dafürhalten als Phraseme, die alle vier Kriterien erfüllen, wenn auch nicht immer im gleichen Maße. Mit dieser Definition glauben wir, eine genaue Abgrenzung gegenüber dem normalen Wörterbuch einerseits und gegenüber den anderen Gruppen von Verbindungen andererseits, die im weiteren Sinne als Phraseme bezeichnet werden, wie zum Beispiel Sprichwörter, deflügelte Wörter, Ausrufe, Termini Technici, präpositionale Verbindungen, vollzogen zu haben. Als Quellen für die Zusammenstellung der Wörterbücher wurden neben einem breiten Querschnitt der »schönen« und der Übersetzungsliteratur und Zeitungs- und Zeitschriftenliteratur vor allem das gesammelte Archivmaterial zur Ausarbeitung der beiden Wörterbücher der M. H. und M. S. sowie ein- und zweisprachige Wörterbücher ausgewertet. Beim Aufbau wird nach dem alphabetischen Gliederungsprinzip verfahren, und zwar so, daß sowohl die Stickwörter als auch die unter einem Stichwort aufgeführten Phraseme nach dem Alphabet geordnet sind. Die Erklärung oder die Bedeutungen eines Phrasems sind durch Zitate aus den denutzten Quellen belegt. Um dem Leser einen guten Überblick über den phraseologischen Bestand zu vermitteln, wird jedes Phrasem im Prinzip so oft angeführt, wie es Komponenten enthält. Seine Erklärung mit Belegen wird aber nach festgelegten Prinzipien nur an einer Stelle erfologen. Im zweisprachigen Wörterbuch wird die äquivalente Wiedergabe von Phrasemen unter folgenden Gesichtspunkten durchgeführt, d. h. wir unter- _ scheiden: I Vollständige Äquivalenz, wenn neben voller Übereinstimmung nach Form und Bild eine formale Abweichung bezüglich morphologischer Form, Komponentenahl u. a. möglich ist. II Abundante Äquivalenz III Partielle Äquivalenz IV Nulläqivalenz Da das zweisprachige Wörterbuch in erster Linie als Hilfsmittel für praktische Zwecke anzusehen ist, sollen in ihm auch solche Wortverbindungen Aufnahme finden, die nach der hier festgelegten Definition keine Phraseme sind. Dies betrifft vor allem sprachliche Einheiten, die ein Übersetzungsproblem darstellen wie präpositionale Verbindungen, pragmatische Idiome u. ä. Die geplanten phraseologischen Wörterbücher — die ersten ihrer Art — werden in gewissem Ausmaß auch kulturelle und historische Hintergründe der Sprache reflektieren, da die verschiedenen Redewendungen unter bestimmten kulturhistorischen und geographischen Bedingungen enstehen und sich entwickeln. Damit können die geplanten Wörterbücher einen Beitrag zur Kulturgeschichte leisten.
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Unlike other idiomatic classes binomials are composed of two equally valuable elements mostly connected with the conjunction and. In the most European languages, as well as in Italian and Croatian, besides strong idiomaticity, they are mostly marked by irreversibility i.e. by the specified and unchangeable sequence of their components or at least giving priority to one component in relation to the other in accordance to different semantic, pragmatic, metric, phonological or other criteria. There are several interesting theories on that sequence that are plausible and applicable to both Italian and Croatian, although rules cannot be formulated without exception and although there are many discrepancies. Those theories greatly contribute to solving many doubts, but discrepancies show that we should pay attention to observing idioms and binomials in wider frameworks and possible, so far under-researched influence of language alliances on their structure as well as diachronic approach to their studying, what is definitely a way to more complete and deeper understanding of their place within contemporary standard language.
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The article presents a scientific argument for the semiotic-cultural passportization of the implementation of numeric phrasal symbols. First of all, the argument is based on Yu. M. Lotman’s new understanding of semiosphere as the (functional) semiotic continuum and its correlation with the construct of the conceptual sphere of the cognitive-discursive paradigm. An assumption is made that both models have “diachronic depth”, which is based on the cultural signs-symbols, of which the most ancient are numeric symbols. The basic principle of the semiotic and cultural passportization of numeric phraseosymbols has been formulated. It is the principle of organizing the world, which dates back to the Pythagorean concept of numbers. Through the analysis of the process of forming numbers, each national culture is interpreted.
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Šio straipsnio tikslas – išnagrinėti pagrindinių terminologijos terminų vartoseną ir padiskutuoti, ar reikėtų ją keisti. Vienareikšmiškumo siekis būdingas visoms nacionalinėms kalboms, įskaitant anglų kalbą. Straipsnio atspirties taškas – terminų vartosena estų kalboje, tačiau anglų kalba yra ir lingua franca, ir pagrindinė darbinė terminų standartizacijos kalba, todėl daugiausia dėmesio skiriama anglų kalbai. Siūlomi naujadarai, kurie galėtų išspręsti angliškų terminų nevienareikšmiškumo problemą. Siekiama sąvokų sistemos aiškumo naudojant terminų sistemą, kuri yra kiek įmanoma vienareikšmė. Straipsnyje taip pat trumpai aptariamas studentams ir net tik jiems būdingas tam tikras „sąvokos“ ir „termino“ esmės nesupratimas. Kaip matyti iš 2012 m. atliktos Estijos universitetų doktorantų apklausos, tinkamo termino radimas – viena iš pagrindinių problemų. Sunkumą parinkti tinkamus estiškus ir angliškus terminus dažnai lemia daugiareikšmiškumas. Kiekviena kalba turi tik jai būdingas morfologines, sintaksines ir darybines priemones, tačiau vienas iš svarbiausių bet kurioje specialiojoje kalboje tinkamai funkcionuojančio termino bruožų yra vienareikšmiškumas. Nepaisant to, pats pagrindinis terminas terminology žymi keturias sąvokas. Net terminologijos standarte ISO 1087-1 išskirtos dvi terminology reikšmės. Straipsnio autorius mano, kad angliškas terminas terminology bei jo atitikmenys kitomis kalbomis turėtų būti nuosekliai ir vienareikšmiškai vartojami tik vienai sąvokai – ‘mokslui apie terminus’ – žymėti ir siūlo vartoti darinį termstock vietoj standarte terminijos reikšme vartojamo termino terminology. Kai kurie kiti terminai – terminology planning, terminology work, terminology science ir designation – aptariami atsižvelgiant į jų vienareikšmiškumą ir vartojimo nuoseklumą sąvokų sistemoje. Sistemiškas terminų darninimas ir terminijos planavimas yra būtinas kuo didesniam vienareikšmiškumui bet kurioje žinių srityje, įskaitant terminologiją, pasiekti.
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Review of: Çiğdem Dürüşken, Latince Deyişler ya da Yaşamın Renkleri, HomerKitabevi ve Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti., İstanbul, 2004, 304 p. ISBN:975-8293-54-2, Review by: Hüseyin Üreten
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The article discusses selected lexical units found in the dialects of Silesia, which refer to the act of speaking. It examines more than 190 tokens and collocations whose common denominator is the meaning of ‘speaking’. Analyzed are units referring to the content of the expression (with the main semantic component ‘to talk nonsense’), as well as those referring to physical aspects of the act of speaking, such as the clarity and accuracy of articulation (‘to speak indistinctly’, ‘to stutter’), the pace of speaking (‘to speak fast’, ‘to speak slowly’), also the tone, pitch, and intensity of the voice (‘to speak softly’, ‘to say shrilly’). An analysis of the collected material shows that these units form a semantically very heterogeneous group, and tokens and idioms which belong to it are characterized by a significant degree of semantic complexity. The article touches also the question of motivation and evaluation which is presented in the text of lexical units.
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The paper is an attempt to create the definitions of and delimitations between the terms calque, semi-calque, and phraseological hybrid, based on the material collected among the bilingual community of Old Believers in Poland. Many scientfic papers have been written on calques, semi-calques, and phraseological hybrids, contributing to a better understanding of those linguistic phenomena, and deepening the possibilities of their interpretation. Calques, semi-calques, and lexical hybrids have been described in a quite satisfactory way; with reference to phraseology, however, theoretical and methodological discussions are still lacking. Their correct interpretation is key for an analysis of the phraseological store of the bilingual community of Old Believers in Poland. For more than half a century, their Russian dialect has been subjected to an incessant, strong influence of Polish, resulting in the appearance of an increasingly large number of elements borrowed from Polish, especially in the lexical system: borrowings, lexical calques, as well as phraseological calques and semi-calques.
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This contribution focuses on phrasemes with an intensification function. The emphasis is laid on phrasemes with the so-called base word čert ‘devil’, král ‘king’, and drak ‘dragon’. We will attempt to show that the bearer of an intensification function is in some phrasemes the base word itself and in other cases the whole proposition. On several illustrative examples we will prove different formal types of phraseological units which perform an intensification function with the given base words. Furthermore, we will attempt to show that an identical or similar form of phraseological units differing only in the base word (although from one thematic unit) need not have an identical or similar semantic-functional structure.
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Phraseodidactics, also known as didactics of phraseology, is a new emerging research discipline within the scope of applied linguistics. It is an interdisciplinary field with elements of phraseology, glottodidactics, as well as contrastive linguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics and sociolinguistics. Phraseodidactics, in accordance with its objectives, examines the processes associated with the natural assimilation of collocations, idioms, proverbs and other reproducible word forms in the mother language, and, foremost, processes related to the teaching and learning of these structures in the second and subsequent languages. Idiomatic expressions are understood here as established combinations of at least two words with a reproducible character. The scope of phraseology also includes compound words and fixed collocations. In other words, the didactics of phraseology aspires to deal with everything that is associated with the most effective teaching and learning of broadly understood phraseology. On the other hand, phraseotranslation, as a specialized interdisciplinary science postulated in this text, is situated at the crossroads of phraseology, translation studies, contrastive studies and phraseodidactics. Recently there is a growing need for an efficient interlinguistic translation; the education of future translators of foreign languages develops more and more, but the problem of phraseologization in translation is still very rarely undertaken in scientific research. An effective translation implies equivalent messages in two different linguistic codes, which becomes extremely difficult in case of phraseology. The multiple-word structures entrenched in natural languages are therefore a major challenge in the process of translation and can be a prominent difficulty even for professional translators.
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The use of phraseological units is rather frequent in all types of expression. These are multi-word lexical units with an independent meaning and they are used to convey a more appealing, eloquent and effective message. It is particularly interesting to observe the applicative value of phraseological units in communicative situations where their metaphorical meaning can awaken various emotions in the addressee (surprise, astonishment, joy, anger, approval, etc.). This exactly is the reason why for our corpus analysis, we chose comedy, a literary piece rich in dialogues, which we have recognised as abounding in diverse and interesting formal units used to portray certain human characteristics. Therefore, our corpus study analyses the language of the comedy La giara written by a famous Italian writer, Luigi Pirandello, in the early twentieth century. One of the many linguistic structures that Pirandello uses in this work, the phraseological unit, is of special importance, so we focus on the following: the analysis and the description of its component parts, defining the basic function of its dominant constituent, defining the semantic value of the phraseological unit itself, and identifying image metaphors it contains. It is important to note that the semantic value of such a structure cannot be described solely on the basis of the semantic value of its component parts, but it is necessary to observe the relationship between these elements and the structure as a whole. After the analysis of each phraseological unit, we will endeavour to describe structures belonging to the Bosnian language system that could be considered their equivalents. In this way, we will make observations about their similarities and differences in two different language systems.
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The collocations «noun + preposition de + noun» are considerably productive in Spanish; however, they usually occupy a marginal place in the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language (S/FL) due to their specific referential nature. Indeed, they are used both to quantify portions of a whole, such as diente de ajo (clove of garlic) and to refer to groups of animated or unanimated entities belonging to the same category, such as bandada de pájaros and racimo de uvas (flock of birds and bunch of grapes, respectively). Therefore, this article aims to offer a syntactic and semantic analysis of this type of collocation and to assess their usage in a sample of 15 intermediate and advanced S/FL speakers.
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Embodiment is central to the Cognitive Linguistics enterprise. The grounding of language in body experience is one of the major tenets of linguistic description at various levels of analysis. We receive the information of the world around us through the bodily sensations; i.e. we perceive, then process and conceptualize it. Research into the sensory do-mains has continued to elicit further examination of how we use metaphoric and metonymic cross-modal conceptualization in language. Investigation has been carried out both on the single sense domains of touch, taste, smell, hearing, and sight, but also on cross-modality or synesthetic phenomena. Linguistic transfer between various senses seems to respect a hierarchy from the lower (touch, taste, smell) to the higher senses (hearing and sight), even though some variation of this hierarchy has been noted. The present study is the first part of a two-fold analysis of cross-modal linguistic mappings that exist between the senses of taste and sight. The objective is to verify what collocations occur between the two do-mains: do they respect the hierarchy, and how frequent, or how strong are they? Corpus analysis of the construction of the adjective + noun type are in keeping with existing literature: the sensory domain that functions as source is understood as an adjective modifying another sensory domain, which is found in the form of a noun. This research concentrates on cross-modal pairs found through a corpus-based analysis of taste adjectives in the description of vision nouns, e.g. delicious colors. Linguistic data were retrieved from corpora that allow for comparison of the actual usage and definition of these constructions. These include the Cor-pus of Contemporary American English (COCA), and the Mapping Metaphor with the Historical Thesaurus of English. The experimental methodology is in keeping with the usage-based approach of Cognitive Linguistics, considering frequency and relevance.
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When looking at the Transylvanian-Saxon vocabulary, it is found that certain parts of speech, for example adjectives, verbs, and nouns have a meaning in common with the German written and colloquial speech. However, there are extended meanings as well. As case examples we chose the adjective „kauderwelsch” and the verb „karteln”. Also included are verbs, the loan-words are „bud#lin”, „mutan”, „mut$r#n” and „taw#rn”, which initially have their common basic meaning and additionally show each one their own meaning. The latter lexeme is a loan-word, which is frequently used in the Transylvanian-Saxon colloquial speech. The case examples are taken from the Transylvanian-Saxon dictionary, the northern Transylvanian dictionary and vernacular literature.
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This article discusses the modal meaning of paremias - proverbs and sayings. The results of linguocultural and cognitive-discursive analysis of paremias with modality components in Russian and Turkish are presented. The study makes a certain contribution to the cognition of the worldview of languages, and allows to reveal the features of the national worldview.The inexhaustible source of non-terminological paremias is traditions, customs, culture, beliefs, realities, traditions, epics, historical facts, they at the same time carry in themselves both universal, and specifically national.Of particular interest is the study of the paremiological picture of the world of one language against the background of another, which allows us to establish common and different features in comprehending the world by different peoples and displaying this world in proverbs and sayings, to compare the mentality of peoples manifested in paremias.Proverbs are not simple formations: they are logical units containing certain judgments, conclusions, represent miniatures in which the facts of the living reality of a people are reflected in a bright, concise form, for this reason proverbial sayings attract the attention of linguists, logical philosophers and folklorists.The peculiarity of paremias is that they reflect the essence of minimal texts. These features are manifested in the nature of information content, semiotic structure and semantic motivation of paremias.It must be emphasized that proverbs and sayings have an emotional and stylistic connotation, so that they improve the communicative function of the language.So, being sentences, that is, units with a closed structure, proverbs and sayings have semantic and intonational completeness, categories of predicativity and modality, which distinguishes them from phraseological units, which are most often expressed by a word or phrase.
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À côté des termes spécialisés qui forment le vocabulaire d’un domaine, les phraséologies constituent des combinaisons de mots et des tournures qui contribuent au spécifique du langage d’un certain domaine. Elles font d’habitude l’objet d’études linguistiques, mais elles sont le plus souvent ignorées dans le processus didactique qui vise la formation des futurs traducteurs, bien qu’elles constituent des unités de traduction, tout comme les termes. Notre article se propose d’offrir un aperçu des principales catégories de phraséologies, avec leur définition, leur traitement et les difficultés de traduction. Nous avons choisi, comme types de phraséologies : les collocations, les phraséologies matricielles et les phraséologies étendues.
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The paper focuses on the metaphoricality of phraseological units and tries to identify the necessary (not only potential) features of phrasemes. The author finds out how the transferred denomination [přenesené pojmenování] and figurative denomination [obrazné pojmenování] are related. She further monitor whether the phraseological units must be necessarily transferred and / or figurative. All theoretical findings are supported by concrete excerpts from Czech phraseology.
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