Naturbegebenheiten und Epidemien im Reener Ländchen

Author(s): Dorin-Ioan Rus / Language(s): German Issue: 60/2017

The written sources referring to these natural disasters are quite scarce for the region of Reghin. This study is based upon local chronicles of the town Reghinul-Săsesc (Sächsisch-Regen), upon the records made by orthodox priests on missals, upon printed historical sources as well as secondary literature. It is possible that many natural events that occured in this region have not been recorded or that the records have been lost. Most of the natural disasters, like floods or extreme temperatures, have influenced the economic life, but they have caused fewer human losses. The author also presents the reaction of the society to these disasters. Where epidemics are concerned, it was noticed that the poor population was more exposed to illnesses than the other population groups, especially on account of the hygienic conditions. The greatest problems were caused by plague (18th century) and cholera (19th century). Famine was brought about not only by climatic events, but also by military incursions. The action of the vulcanoes Laki and Tambora, which have caused food problems on wide areas, is also depicted. These problems have led to the creation of local grain stores. The positive consequences of natural disasters were a growing feeling of inter-community solidarity as well as the establishment of insurance companies. Regarding the people's perception of disasters, there are two perspectives: on the one hand the religious interpretation, which explains the events by celestial activity or divine punishment, on the other hand the rational interpretation of phenomena that emerged towards the end of the 18th century, with the Age of Enlightment.

Klasztory diecezji Würzburg jako projekt WebGIS

Author(s): Michael Weisenberger / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

Niniejszy artykuł podzielono na dwie części, przy czym pierwsza opisuje rozwój krajobrazu klasztornego diecezji wurzburskiej od jej ustanowienia do roku 1818. Rozwój ten był podzielony na trzy rożne etapy o odmiennym charakterze. O ile podczas pierwszego etapu założone zostały tylko klasztory benedyktyńskie i kanonickie, to drugi etap charakteryzował się ogromnym pluralizmem zakonów. W trzecim etapie, po okresie reformacji, która spowodowała zamknięcie wielu klasztorów, zakładano, z niewielkimi wyjątkami, tylko zakony mendykanckie. Po tym krótkim opisie rozwoju klasztorów w diecezji wurzburskiej, autor podaje przykład opublikowania wynikow za pomocą aplikacji web−GIS odnoszącej się do bazy danych MySQL. Po opisaniu struktury bazy danych oraz niezbędnych kolumn, podano przykład połączenia OpenLayers z bazą danych.

Zastosowanie Systemów Informacji Geografi cznej w archeologii. Rekonstrukcja topografi i średniowiecznego zespołu palatialnego w Ingelheim

Author(s): Matylda Gierszewska-Noszczyńska,Piotr Noszczyński / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

Niniejsza praca została poświęcona zagadnieniu historycznego ukształtowania terenu palatium w Ingelheim nad Renem. Na topografię rezydencji znaczący wpływ miały zarówno czynniki naturalne, jak i działalność człowieka. Pomimo iż teren pod zabudowę pałacu został w dużym stopniu zniwelowany, naturalny spadek terenu do dziś widoczny jest w topografii stanowiska. Przedstawione tu zostały rekonstrukcja obniżenia terenu pod fundamenty pałacu oraz wczesno i pełnośredniowieczny poziom użytkowy (VIII/IX–XI w.). Obszar badań obejmuje teren palatium karolińskiego oraz ottońskiego, znajdującego się obecnie we wschodniej części Ingelheim (Saalgebiet), miasta leżącego w południowo-zachodniej części Niemiec, w kraju związkowym Nadrenia-Palatynat. Dane użyte w pracy zostały pozyskane podczas współczesnych badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych prowadzonych w dwóch głównych kampaniach w latach 1963–1971 oraz 1993–2009. Należą do nich punkty wysokościowe i granice obiektów archeologicznych. Dodatkowo cennym źródłem informacji okazały się publikacje dotyczące jednych z najstarszych badań prowadzonych na tym terenie przez historyka sztuki Christiana Raucha na początku dwudziestego stulecia. Do odtworzenia przebiegu fosy wczesnośredniowiecznej, stanowiącej element topografii stanowiska, został użyty zgeoreferencjonowany plan Marksburg. Proces georefencji został uzupełniony o analizę kartometryczności źródła. Dla pozyskanych informacji przestrzennych stworzona została geobaza w programie ArcGIS 9.2. Wszystkie operacje na danych przeprowadzone zostały również w tym programie. W drugiej fazie projektu wybrana została metoda interpolacji danych wysokościowych. Znaczący wpływ na wybór metody generowania Numerycznych Modeli Terenu miała możliwość włączenia do procesu linii nieciągłości, w tym przypadku były to granice obiektów archeologicznych i architektonicznych. Kolejny etap projektu stanowiła weryfikacja danych poprzez próbne interpolacje. Do tego celu wybrane zostały dwie metody: metoda krzywej sklejanej oraz metoda odwrotnych odległości. Wykonane modele zostały zwizualizowane w programie ArcScene 9.2 i sprawdzone pod względem swej poprawności. W ocenie wizualno- subiektywnej zostały wzięte pod uwagę następujące aspekty: wysokość danego obszaru względem sąsiadujących przestrzeni, architektoniczną zgodność sąsiadujących przestrzeni, zaburzenia wewnątrz danego obszaru. Dalszą weryfikację oraz analizę porownawczą NMT przeprowadzono za pomocą algebry mapy oraz cięć profi lowych. Niniejsza praca jest probą zastosowania metod interpolacji do odtworzenia topografii stanowiska ukształtowanego w wyniku dwóch rodzajów czynników, naturalnych i antropogenicznych. Proces ten starano się zautomatyzować poprzez wybór konkretnej metody generowania Numerycznych Modeli Terenu. Ważną rolę w badaniach odgrywała kilkuetapowość weryfikacji danych oraz zastosowanie Systemów Informacji Geograficznej (GIS).

Elektroniczna edycja rejestrów poborowych województwa kaliskiego z drugiej połowy XVI w.

Author(s): Michał Gochna / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

The paper describes how GIS was used to prepare the electronic edition of historical sources of tax registers of the Kalisz voivodeship in the second half of 16th century. Source data from the tax registers were typed out into spreadsheets. Different sources, like parochial visitations, king’s domain’s inspections and others, were used to obtain information about the settlements that was omitted in tax registers. Simultaneously, topographical and physiographical layers (forests, swamps, rivers, lakes, borders of voivodeships and districts, later – borders of parishes) were prepared in GIS. By using the data from tax registers and old maps the map of settlements was developed. Connecting the GIS layers with the data from the tax registers we created a spatial database. Th is database is available for all persons interested at the „Atlas of sources and materials for history of old Poland” website. The users can work with it on the Internet, using the WebGIS application, or download all data on their computers. After that the data can be used by the user freely. Furthermore, the users have access to the scan of original manuscripts and, if they find an error in the edition, they can report it to the administrators. If the mistake is confirmed by one of the scientists, it will be corrected. Th e described way of editing the historical sources is a new method for presenting the results of historical inquiries and editions of historical sources. Th e data from this edition can be related with the data from other projects. Those relations can make a database of historical data with a very high information potential that can be used in historical research.

Geografia historyczna w Polsce – rozwój i perspektywy

Author(s): Bogumił Szady / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

The present article deals with the main currents that have been developing in the Polish historical geography since the end of the 19th century till now. A discussion on methodological and terminological matters has been left aside. Only the Introduction contains a short reference to those issues. Th e development of geographical-historical research is presented from two perspectives: institutional and thematic ones. A separate sub-chapter was devoted to cartography, both in the context of historical-cartographical studies and historical cartography. The review of the main institutions and research subjects considers the two major currents which developed in the Polish historical geography, especially since the middle of the 20th century, namely the geographical and the historical ones. Despite the common subject of research, they often remained side by side, which was due to different methods applied and the different source basis. The Conclusion, which closes the article, indicates the contemporary tendencies in historical geography related to new subjects such as studies on the cultural landscape or landscape ecology. In addition, a question was set about the influence of technological changes, especially the introduction of systems of spatial information and spatiotemporal databases, on the development of historical geography and on changes in this field of research.

О хронологии и распространении свидерской культуры в бассейне Верхневолжских озер

Author(s): Galina V. Sinitsyna,Elena A. Spiridonova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

Some Swiderian sites occuring in the sediments dated to the Preboreal times were excavated at the basin of the Upper Volga lakes. Their relative chronology is based primarily on typological and palynological evidence. The available archaeological and chronological data give gounds to hypothesize the existence of contacts between the Early Mesolithic Swiderian and Butovo cultures. This may serve as an additional argument in favor of the view that the Butovo culture formed on a Gravettian basis.

Καλπε: этимология древнейшего топонима на пиренейском полуострове

Author(s): Daniela Kamarincheva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2016

The paper reviews the issue of the origin of toponym Καλπε (Calpe), which can be rightfully called one of the oldest place names on the Iberian Peninsula. For a long time, the etymology of Καλπε has troubled the minds of historians, geographers, and linguists. However, only a few of them seriously studied the origin of the place name. In spite of that, mainly Iberian and Greek versions of the origin of the toponym have been reviewed to study this question, thereby leaving aside other points of view. Based on the data of Ancient Greek and Roman sources in which it is written that the Phoenicians and Semitized Iberian tribes Bastetani or Baestuli lived around Καλπε, the conclusions have been made about their role and importance in the appearance of the place name. Furthermore, the work uses linguistic comparative data which testify the probability of Semitic origin of the toponym.

Методы полевой работы в дневниковом наследии востоковедов последней трети XIX в. (на материале Н.Н. Миклухо-Маклая и Н.Ф. Катанова)

Author(s): Dmitry Evgenievich Martynov,Yuliya Aleksandrovna Martynova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2016

This paper considers the descriptive-extensive method used by Russian orientalist ethnographers in their Eurasian studies during the era of “geographical race”, i.e., in the last third of the 19th century. In the Russian Empire, the Military Ministry, Imperial Geographical Society, and Academy of Sciences organized geographical and ethnological expeditions to Central Asia. Field diaries are the main sources for the study. They served as both a means of recording heterogeneous data received by the researcher on a certain day and documents that described the daily life and expeditionary results. For comparison, the materials of the first expedition to New Guinea by N.N. Miklouho-Maclay (1871–1872) and the journey to Tuva (1889) and Xinjiang (1890) by N.F. Katanov have been taken. The comparison is possible from several perspectives, including the preference given by both researchers to working alone or with a small group of assistants, stationary studies in the local community. The analysis of the expeditionary materials and equipment has shown that the activity of solitary researchers was inseparable from the foreign policy priorities of the Russian Empire. Furthermore, the materials collected were important for military intelligence, not only for the relevant branches of science. Therefore, the common view of N.N. Miklouho-Maclay and N.F. Katanov as pure scientists, who were distanced from the main political problems of their time, needs comprehensive revision.

HELENISTIČKI UTICAJI NA ILIRSKO PLEME DAORSE

Author(s): Zdravko Marić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 31/2000

Der älteste Bericht über die Daorser ist Stephan Bizantinac nach um 500 vor unserer Zeitrechnung von Hekatäos aus Miletos überliefert worden. Von der Hälfte des zweiten bis zum Ende des ersten Jahrhunderts des Altertums erwähnen griechische und römische Schriftsteller des öfteren die Daorser ohne allerdings bedeutendere Angaben über diesen illyrischen Stamm zu machen. Es kann jedoch mit ziemlicher Sicherheit behauptet werden, dass die Daorser im letzten Jahrhundert vor unserer Zeitrechnung am linken Ufer des Unterlaufs der Neretva lebten und dass sie der ungehinderten Schiffahrt auf der Neretva wegen auch den weiteren Bereich des Ufergürtels auf der rechten Seite des Unterlaufs der Neretva unter ihrer Kontrolle gehalten haben müssen. Für diesen und weitere Bereiche im Umkreis war die Gründung des griechischen Emporiums (zentralen Handelsplatzes) Narona auf dem rechten Ufer der Neretva bei Metković im vierten Jahrhundert vor unserer Zeitrechnung von grosser Bedeutung. Es entwickelte sich zu einer grossen Stadt mit einem grossen Hafen. Auf der älteren daorsischen Siedlung oberhalb von Ošanići bei Stolac haben die Griechen um 300 vor unserer Zeitrechnung eine bedeutende Festung und auf dem Bergkamm unterhalb dersleben eine kleinere Stadt errichtet. Es ist schwer festzustellen, in welchem Masse die Bewohner von Narona daran beteiligt waren, aber es ist anzunehmen, dass sie einen grösseren Anteil daran hatten. Diese Stadt wurde von den Daorsem nach und nach infiltriert und indem sie sich die griechische Kultur und Zivilisation aneigneten, übernahmen sie die Verwaltung der Stadt. Diese Stadt war mindestens (vom 2.) Jahrhundert vor unserer Zeitrechnung an Stammeszentrum der Daorser und nannte sich wahrscheinlich der griechischen Version nach DAORSOI. Diese Version wird durch 9 bis jetzt aufgefundene bronzene Münzen der Daorser bestätigt, die mit der griechischen Aufschrift DAORSON versehen sind (Auf 4 von ihnen stiess man in den Ruinen der Stadt DAORSOI).

BERGBAU DER RÖMISCHEN PROVINZ DALMATIEN

Author(s): Ante Škegro / Language(s): German Issue: 31/2000

Dalmatien, das bis zum Jahre 8/9 n. Chr. Teil der Provinz lllyricum - einschließlich Pannonien war, war an verschiedenartigen Bodenschätzen reich, die mit kleineren oder größeren Unterbrechungen schon seit dem Eneolithicum gefördert wurden. Die Bodenschätze waren neben den strategischen einer der Hauptgründe für die Eroberung der dalmatinischpannonischen Gebiete durch die Römer. Die Bodenschätze des näheren und weiteren ostadriatischen Hinterlandes zogen bereits seit dem 7. und 6. Jh v. Chr. hellenistische, umbrische und etruskische Kaufleute an, die vor allem an Gold und Silber interessiert waren. Das Silber, das vorwiegend in Verbindung mit Zink, Blei, Quarz und Pyrit gefunden wurde, wurde in beträchtlichen Mengen bereits seit dem Ende des 5. Jhs. v. Chr. ausgeführt. Im Laufe des 4. Jhs. v. Chr. erschienen in den ägeischen Gebieten größere Mengen Silbermünzen und Schmuck. Für ihre Herstellung wurde zum großen Teil auch dalmatinisches Silber benötigt. Die Macht der balkanischen politischen Organisationen, an deren Spitze die Herrscher Bardylis, Monounios, Mytilos, Genthios und Ballaios standen, gründete sich großenteils auf dem Reichtum der dalmatinischen Edelmetallbergwerke. Das Silber von den dalmatinischen Gebieten wurde zweifellos für die Prägung der Silbermünzen der illyrisch-griechischen Siedlungen an der Ostadria verwendet.

Die neolithische Nekropole Mamaj-Gora im unteren Dneprgebiet

Author(s): Genadij Nikolaevič Toščev,Blagoje Govedarica / Language(s): German Issue: 34/2005

Die Uferlinie des Kachovsko- Stausees am unteren Dnepr in der südlichen Ukraine wird stetig durch den Wasserfluss abgetragen. Aus diesem Grund unternahm die Universität aus Zaporož’e im Jahr 1988 Rettungsgrabungen im Dorf Velikaja Znamenka der Kamensko-Dneprovskij- Region des Zaporož’e Gebietes (Abb. 1,47), in dem Hügelgräber und flache Nekropolen aus der Periode Neolithikum – Mittelalter bereits bekannt waren. Als besonders zahlreich erwiesen sich die Bestattungen aus der Skythen-Zeit

Some Considerations on Salt exploatation at Trieste Karst in Prehistory

Author(s): Emanuela Montagnari Kokelj / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2005

Two recent Symposia – Early symbolic systems for communication in southeast Europe (Karlovo, Bulgaria, April 2002) and Settlements and settling from Prehistory to the Middle Ages (Pula, Croatia, November 2002) – gave me the opportunity to revise the results of the studies on the Trieste Karst carried out since the early 1990s from the viewpoint of the motivations that might explain the rather intensive use of a relatively high number of caves in prehistory. Among the many interesting elements that have emerged from these studies, the evidence for pastoralism is undoubtedly the most relevant to the subject, and has an almost certain correlate in the significant presence of rare, foreign valuables. But these same elements are often mentioned in the archaeological literature as indirect indicators, with others, of salt exploitation / production – and saline have represented one of the basic economic resources of the north-eastern Adriatic coasts since at least the beginning of the Venetian Republic in the 8th century AD till few decades ago, or even to the present in certain cases.

The zooarchaeological remains from Early Iron Age hill-top fortress at Klisura- Kadića Brdo, eastern Bosnia: a taphonomic assessment

Author(s): Haskel J. Greenfield,Elizabeth Arnold / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2005

The archaeological site of Klisura-Kadića Brdo (Gorge-Judge’s Hill) is located on the Glasinac plateau in eastern Bosnia, overlooking the modern and Medieval town of Knežina (Fig. 1). Kadića Brdo is a multi-period “gradina” or hill-fort site, with occupation during the Eneolithic and the Early and Late Iron Ages. The site was abandoned at the end of the Iron Age as much of the regional population relocated to the lowlands. The activity at the settlement ceased during the period of the Late Iron Age. Judging by the scarce number of chronologically diagnostic finds, the life at the plateau stopped during or soon after the 5th century BC. During the period of the Early Iron Age, the settlement was very likely a regional center and was the locus of elite activities. It is larger than most of its contemporaries on the plateau. Furthermore, several stone covered tumuli dot the mountain heights above the settlement.

Aevum Dolabellae – Dolabelino doba

Author(s): Salmedin Mesihović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 39/2010

During the last two thousand years the Western Balkans area has been mainly ruled by external factors, whose governors were mainly interested in personal gain or the exploitation of domestic resources, people and riches. One of the rare individuals who stood out from this general rule was Publius Cornelius Dolabella. His reign, lasting from14 to 20 AD, was marked with the introduction of civilisation values from the developed Mediterranean world into the less developed world of the proto-historic Western Balkans. This was especially crucial if we take into consideration the fact that this was the time of reconstruction after the catastrophe which befell upon the Illyrian lands during the Great Illyrian Uprising from 6 to 9 AD. Dolabella’s activities were mainly focused on the large infrastructural works, such as the building of a road network with a combined length of over 400 Roman miles, which is a feat not even rivalled in modern times. Beside this, Dolabella also undertook another important project by introducing a unified land-registry which was the first of its kind in the Western Balkans. This land-registry would later become the basis for the development of territorial relations.

ОЩЕ ДВИЖЕЩА СИЛА ЗА ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИЯТА

Author(s): Radostin Dolchinkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

We are considering new options for places to install wind generators and thermo pumps. As the main areas, we are considering the unused mines and those parts of the operating mines that are no longer being used, the tunnels of the metro and the rail way tunnels.

Антропогеографски ракурс Јевта Дедијера

Author(s): Milovan R. Pecelj,Milica Pecelj / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 10/2013

This paper is dedicated to the work of a great Serbian geographer Jevto Dedijer. He was entrusted with development of anthropogeography by Cvijić. Dedijer’s seminal work is Herzegovina – an Anthropogeographic Study. Due to his commitment, Dedijer grew into an outstanding geomorphologist and glaciologist. He wrote papers in karstology, geology, geography of settlements, regional geography and papers on national issue. His favorite topics were herding and migration of livestock, but he became famous for his works in anthropogeography.

Česko-polské kontakty v oblasti přírodních věd.

Author(s): Jan Chodějovský / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2015

Unlike in the humanities, the cooperation of Czech and Polish researchers in area of natural sciences has not been successfully explored. Yet, there is ample evidence for the issue in the Czech archives, i.e., the correspondence between Czech and Polish researchers. Going back to the days of the Habsburg monarchy, the scientific contacts between the scientists flourished from the mid-1920s to the mid-1930s. Particularly effective was the cooperation in the field of nature conservation. The Czech drew on the experience of the Polish scholars, who, e.g., had organised the Pieniny National Park. In addition, unlike the contacts between the humanists in both countries, relations between the representatives of natural sciences were not so heavily dependent on fluctuations caused by political issues or attitude to history.

Теоретични въпроси на физическата география в средновековната българска литература

Author(s): Tsvetana Cholova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/1987

Palmyra közvetítő szerepe a keleti kereskedelemben

Author(s): Tibor Grüll / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2014

One of the obvious example of the often mentioned “Levantine spirit of profiteering” is Palmyra. Th e city-state which gradually went under Roman influence from the 1st century B.C. onwards, became one of the richest metropolis of the ancient Near East during the following two centuries. This is clearly witnessed by the magnificent ruins of Palmyra in the Syrian desert. The town is often coined – after the influential work of Michael Rostovtzeff – as a “caravan city”. Although this debated term is essentially relevant in our opinion, we have to stress that Palmyra was the main organizer and defender of the caravans, not the main target of them. The secret of Palmyra’s arising was the Eastern trade in which she bear the brunt from the Seleucid era onwards. The commerce with the silk of China, spices, gems and pearls of India, incense of Arabia provided a fabulous profit for the Palmyrean entrepreneurs who were present in the small kingdoms of Mesopotamia, the principalities of Arabia, the Roman ports along the Red Sea and the commercial centers of West India (Scythia) as well. Palmyreans played the middlemen’s role in the arborescent Eastern trade, and not only between the East and the Mediterranean – in which we are obviously more interested –, but also among the Eastern kingdoms themselves. A considerable part of the enormous profit of this transmitting commerce flew into Palmyra, which in the third century AD – taking the advantage of the political, social, and economic crisis of the Roman Empire – not surprisingly gained political power over a considerable part of the Eastern Roman Empire including Egypt. The military and economic power of Palmyra, however, was not enough against the indisposed Imperium Romanum. After the defeat in 272 AD Palmyra never get on her feet and in consequence of the fall of the metropolis her traders got lost their influence as well.

Byzantine impact on the iconography of western Turkic coinage

Author(s): Gaybulla Babayarov,Andrey Kubatin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

This article is devoted to the coinage of Western Turkic Qaghanate (568–740) in the Chach (Tashkent) region and the influence of Byzantine monetary traditions on their formation. Bearing on the newly discovered numismatic material the authors tried to throw light on the stages of coinage of the Western Turkic Qaghanate and elucidate the brief history of their relations with the Byzantine Empire. The Western Turkic rulers minted their own coins (with the titles of żpγw ‘Yabghu’, cpγw x’γ’n ‘Yabghu-qaghan’, the ethnopolitical name of twrk x’γ’n ‘Türk-Qaghan’ and with the rulers’ names of trδw x’γ’n ‘Tardu qaghan’, twn cpγw x’γ’n ‘Tun Yabghu-qaghan’, all in the Sogdian script) in the Chach region and these coins were symbols of the independence of the Western Turkic Qaghanate. On the coins the following three variants of an original tamga can be seen: . The difference in the shape of the tamgas, in our opinion, is connected with the three stages of the formation of the Western Turkic Qaghanate. Stage 1: the Western Qaghanate is a wing or peripheral state within the Turkic Qaghanate under the rule of a Yabghu (the title Yabghu appears on the coins as ); stage 2: during the period when it was related nominally to the Turkic Qaghanate, in the period of the Yabghu-Qaghanate (the title Yabghu qaghan on the coins is ); stage 3: from 630 onward, after the defeat of the Eastern Turkic Qaghanate by Tang China, the Western Turkic Qaghanate existed for a certain time as an independent state (the title Qaghan on the coins is ).