В търсене на средновековното време. Неравният път на българите (VII-XV в.)

Author(s): Hristo Matanov / Language(s): Bulgarian

In the book "Seeking the Middle Ages" Prof. Hristo Matanov is presenting the rich and dramatic history of the Balkan region through the Bulgarian history and culture. In this study Prof. Matanov shows the location of Bulgaria not only as crossing point of the ancient trade routes between Europe and Asia, but as a crossing point of politic interests and cultural transfer. This has brought the necessity to withstand the pressure that was coming from North-West, North-East and from the South and has played a significant role in the rises and the downfalls of the Bulgarian kingdom. The author's contribution for the book is that he has written this solid history in such way, that it may be read, understood and appreciated by both academic readers and common readers, who are interested in history. The author gathers in one book the entire Medieval history of Bulgaria, the foundation of the kingdom, the complex Politics, in which the Bulgarian rulers had to go in to in order to protect their kingdom and subjects, the religious shift of the kingdom to Christianity from paganism and the periods when it was conquered by Byzantium and later - by the Ottoman empire.

София, каквато беше 1944-1989

Author(s): Svetlin Kiradjiev / Language(s): Bulgarian

This book presents the city of Sofia from the second half of the 20th century. This period is marked not only by the end of World War 2 but by the change of political power in Bulgaria. Through this book, the author intends to give more information about moments of the development of the capital, it's it's influence over material and spiritual culture and he relates all of this to the citizens of Sofia in the reviewed decades. Sofia is very old city, although it's citizens don't realize it, but its modernization and geographical growth begun after the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878. After 1944 Sofia has shown rapid development and population growth - for 300 000 to over 1 million citizens for a period lasting over 40 years. The houses have been replaced by modern buildings, the city districts have been expanded, the city has turned into a center of industry and slowly, but steady, Sofia has turned for average Balkan city to a capital with European influence.

Генезис и развитие на китайската цивилизация

Author(s): Mariana Malinova Tien / Language(s): Bulgarian

Chinese civilization is one of the five great nations that were evident in the ancient human history. Even today Chinese civilization is perceived and described in the academic literature as a civilization that is creating, developing and administering the ideology (religio-philosophical) and the cultural orientation of their neighbor countries. The forming of the cultural areal in East Asia has begun after the discovery of the Chinese hieroglyphs around 1000 years B.C. The author of this monograph is not repeating the known about the history of the Chinese civilization but she rather goes into a topic that is less explored. The chronological range of her research is from 3000 years B.C. to 8th century B.C.; from the end of Neolithic era to the first items made of iron. This book is among the first Bulgarian monographs on Asian topic. It is written by a scholar that speaks Chinese fluently, has diplomas from three Chinese universities and that had specialized Chinese archaeology, Old Chinese history and Old Chinese language. One of the biggest problems before the author and here work with the old texts has been the fact that she had to separate myths from history, because in the East traditionally from myths mark the beginning of history. In this book is reviewed the specific terminology in Chinese archaeology, especially the terminology from the Bronze era and the ancient Chinese bronze. In the book there are pictures of many Chinese archaeological items, or graphics of such with information about their physical characteristics and locations where they have been found. This academic work has contributed to the Bulgarian science society and more directly - to the Bulgarian Asian studies.

SŁOWNIK HYDROGEOLOGICZNY. angielsko-polski, polsko-angielski

Author(s): Marek Rogoż / Language(s): English,Polish

Idea opracowania słownika powstała w wyniku doświadczeń autora, który przez ponad 40 lat, jako pracownik naukowy, zajmował się problematyką hydrogeologiczną, często korzystał z bardzo bogatej anglojęzycznej literatury naukowej i technicznej oraz współpracował z licznymi zagranicznymi placówkami badawczymi. W pracach tych poważnym utrudnieniem był brak dobrego, współczesnego słownika angielsko-polskiego i polsko-angielskiego terminologii hydrogeologicznej. Niniejszy słownik stanowi próbę uzupełnienia tego braku. Powinien on ułatwić polskim pracownikom naukowym oraz licznej rzeszy studentów hydrogeologii, górnictwa, ochrony środowiska i nauk pokrewnych korzystanie z anglojęzycznej literatury technicznej i naukowej, bez której ani poważnie traktowane studia, ani postęp naukowy nie wydają się możliwe.W słowniku uwzględniono nie tylko terminologię czysto hydrogeologiczną, ale również wykorzystywane w hydrogeologii terminy z nauk i dziedzin pokrewnych, jak matematyka, fizyka, geologia, ochrona środowiska itp. Ze zrozumiałych względów lista terminów z poszczególnych dziedzin nie jest pełna: przy ich doborze kierowano się doświadczeniem i intuicją autora. Słownik, zarówno w wersji angielsko-polskiej, jak i polsko-angielskiej, ma budowę gniazdową – do każdego hasła głównego włączono najczęściej występujące terminy złożone, zawierające to hasło. W obrębie danego gniazda wyraz hasłowy skracany jest do pierwszej litery. W celu zwiększenia funkcjonalności słownika zamieszczono w nim osobne zestawienia: ważniejszych skrótów i skrótowców stosowanych w pracach angielskich i polskich oraz jednostek miar stosowanych w krajach anglojęzycznych z przeliczeniem na jednostki Międzynarodowego Układu SI. W słowniku zastosowano ortografię brytyjską.

Византијски свет на Балкану I-II

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Serbian

Појам Бугарске у XI и XII веку и територија Охридске архиепископије

Author(s): Predrag Komatina / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The notion Bulgaria in historical sources survived the end of the First Bulgarian State in 1018. The use of this term in the sources of the 11th and 12th centuries is not related to the adminstrative unit of the theme of Bulgaria, because it exceeds this unit both geographically and chronologically. This term was used by Byzantine, Latin (predominantly crusader) and Slavonic writers of the time to name the territory that stretched from the Rivers Sava and Danube in the North to the northern ranges of the Pindus Mountains in the South, and from the mountains between Ohrid and Durazzo in the West to the mountain gorges east of Sofia, in the East. It also covered a narrow strip of coastline around Valona, on the Ionian Sea. The term was applied consistantly to this same territory, in order to distigiush it from the rest of the Byzantine territory in the Balkans, which was called Romania, or Greece. This territory coincides with the jurisdictional area of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, the official name of which was the Archbishopric of Bulgaria. It preserved the name of the old Bulgarian Empire, with its traditions, for the land and the people under its jurisdiction. This Bulgaria should be treated by historians as a separete geographical and historical entity. It was divided between Serbia and the new Bulgarian state of Trnovo at the end of the 12th century.

Cave fauna of Bulgaria

Author(s): Petar Beron / Language(s): English

Petar Beron Sc.D worked at the Institute of Zoology and the National Museum of Natural History at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences as a biologist from 1963 to 2010. Specializing in acarology and Biospeleology, he began exploring caves and cave fauna since 1955. He went on expeditions in New Guinea, Indonesia, Mexico, Cuba, China, Vietnam, on the Balkan Peninsula, in Corsica and South America. In his journeys, he discovered many new species of caves and animals. Author and co-author of many books and articles on speleology, zoogeography, and acarology. The present publication contains data on 153 species not recorded so far in the previous catalogs of Bulgarian cave fauna. Data on 813 caves, including 189 published for the first time in the list of caves from which animals have been recorded find a place. After these changes, the total number of the animals known from Bulgarian caves becomes 866 (including 130 troglobite and 72 stygobites species). The updated bibliography of Bulgarian cave fauna contains 584 titles.

Faune cavernicole de la Grece

Author(s): Petar Beron / Language(s): French

Petar Beron Sc.D worked at the Institute of Zoology and the National Museum of Natural History at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences as a biologist from 1963 to 2010. Specializing in acarology and Biospeleology, he began exploring caves and cave fauna since 1955. He went on expeditions in New Guinea, Indonesia, Mexico, Cuba, China, Vietnam, on the Balkan Peninsula, in Corsica and South America. In his journeys, he discovered many new species of caves and animals. Author and co-author of many books and articles on speleology, zoogeography, and acarology. The second monograph of the series, devoted to the cave fauna of the Balkan Peninsula, treats Greece, a country full of caves (more than 10 miles) and only 240 caves have been the subject of biospeleological research. The 630 species of cavernicolous animals, published until 2015, are listed with their localities and notes on their biology. The caves of some animals are briefly described, and some observations have been made of the zoogeography of this fauna. The Greek fauna is compared with the cave faunas of neighboring countries. The bibliography contains more than 300 titles of works regarding the Greek fauna inhabiting the caves. This fauna is very different from the fauna of neighboring countries. During the author's field surveys (since 1968) he has found several new species such as Speleodentorcula, Telsonius, Titanophyllum, Thassoblaniulus, Alistratia, Maroniela, Jason and others.

Bălţi – important centru urban din Nordul Moldovei: Bibliografie

Author(s): Elena Scurtu,Elena Harconiţa,Lina Mihaluţa / Language(s): Romanian

Bibliografia „Bălţi – important centru urban din Nordul Moldovei” propune cititorilor peste 3 500 documente despre evenimentele istorice desfăşurate pe teritoriul municipiului Bălţi, despre realizările în toate domeniile de activitate umană, începînd cu anii 90 ai sec. 20 pînă în 2015, perioadă marcată de importante transformări sociale, economice şi politice. Poate servi drept un suport documentar şi educativ de mare importanţă în cultivarea dragostei pentru pământul Moldovei. Dispune de indexuri de nume şi titluri.

Горња Cела - насеља и становништво

Author(s): Mirko Raičević / Language(s): Serbian

Gornja sela is a group of mountainous settlements at Bjelasica's foothill, on west and north-west side from Berane (Ivangrad). This region is situated in the middle between Berane, Bijelo Polje, Mojkovac, KolaSin and Andrijevica. The settlements developed on the southeast slopes of Bjelasica, in the valleys and riverbanks. Jelovica, Suvodola, Gunjara and Bistrica and villages of Vuča and Zagrad are situated on the hillsides of Vuča and Zaučka gora, in the valley and riverside of the Zagradska river. The area was presumably named in the 18th century or maybe some time before, when the newcomers from Brda and Stara Crna Gora settled in these villages and Has as well. Since this group of villages was situated high above Župa, the inhabitants of Župa gave them a single name Gornja sela. Although naturally separated by Vuča's saddle, Zagrad was always considered as one of the villages forming Gornja Sela. It was so since the Šćekić's family settled there as well other clans related to the clans from Gornja Sela. Gornja Sela with Bjelasica behind them, are the widest and the highest part of Berane valley. The highest peak at Galica (Cma Glava) is 2.139 m high, and the lowest settlement (Lubnica) is at 1.000 m above the sea level. In accordance with the real state registry compiled in the fifties, the square area of this region, without Zagrad. is 103.91 km With regard to other estimates the figure is slightly reduced (Mr. Milisav Lutovac, Ph.D. from Ivangrad - Berane valley is of the opinion that Bistrica's river basin encompasses whole region and it is 130.7 km , although the southern part of the river basin belongs to Andrijevica municipality and the western part belongs to Kolasin. Bjelasica, in its long geological history, passed through two glacial ages. During interglacial age river network on Bjelasica was very dense due to thawing of glaciers. During the last Glacial Age the high parts of Bjalasica mountain were covered by glacial. Pointed peaks and mountain ranges stood out from the glaciers (Zekova Glava, Galica. Strmcnički Vrh and etc.). Glaciers were specially high at the mouth of the river Jalovica, Jezerištc, Suvodola and branch sources of the Biogradska river. The highest group of peaks was concentrated on mountain mass Zekova Glava - Galica - Reljina - Šiška - Dolovi with centre at Reljina. On the opposite, east side, there are Bjelogrivac - Ogorelica - Strmcnica (Crna Glava) - Potrkovo with center at Strmcnica (2.122 m). Their glaciers wedged the lake basins, and mud planes at the foot of the highest mountain massif. Bjelasica's massif with its hilltops undergone the change in its releif due to lowering of the bottom (Berane) basin and under the influence of outer forces. Natural resources of Bjelasica and its foothill are considerable. The total square area of this region is 10.391 ha and forests cover almost half of it - 4.756 ha, that is the main source of raw material for lumber industry. Fields and pastures cover the square area of 4.132 ha. Therefore cattle raising was developed in this region. The region is rich in ore that has not been examined yet. Climate on Bjelovica is very severe: Short summers and long winters with sharp transitions with the change of season. The climate at foothill up to 1.200 m is considerably gentler, but at the same time it is more severe than in Berane valley. The difference in microclimate are considerable. That can be seen during vegetation periods at the outskirts of the valleys. Therefore, agriculture and fruit growing areas in Gornja Sela are reduced to river valleys and south sides up to 1.100 m, and occasionally higher. This region, with Bjelasica behind it was one of the richest with water in Berane's district. There are many springs in this region - stronger and weaker, streams, rivers and lakes as well. Waters from Bjelasica are very important for the economy mountain. Richness of water is due to the composition of soil, relief and a lots of rain throughout the year (there is more than 3.000 mm of rain on Bjelasica). Traces of old settlements can be found in this region, they are specially visible above 1.200 m. The traces were destroyed by human work, but they can be found occasionally. Some traces were left by the Illyrians - the ancient inhabitants of this region. Some traces of the Roman culture can be found in Zagrad and Vuča (a village). The ancient fortress, Samograd, bellow Zagrad was certainly build during that period, and the Serbs rebuild it after they settled in this area. The Romans and Roman oriented inhabitants left the traces of huge buildings, usually at the outskirts of present settlements, made of stone and lime. It seems that they were build at the time when our ancestors - the Serbs began to settle, and the Romans moved from the valley to the higher parts of Bjelasica towards the sea. At the time when Budimljanska district was densly inhabited by the Serb population, a part of the population migrated towards the rim, and settled in the river valleys of the Lim tributaries. So, Gomja Sela were inhabited by the Serbs and they became shepherds on Bjelasica. The earliest mention of a village close to Gomja Sela is from 1324/25, the king Dušan, as a young man, gave Zagrad with the other villages as a contribution to St. Peter's church in Bijelo Polje. All villages comprising Gomja Sela were inhabited at that time, and during this period , five or six churches were constructed in Lubnice, Međurečje, Praćevac, Glavac and Zagrad (two). Gornja Sela are region where it is difficult to develop transportation. The region is separated from the valley by mountain massif and the Bistrica canyon and Bjelasica separates it from Potarje. This region was connected with the whole network of main and side caravan roads with the settlements in the valley, Potarje the sides of Bihor. During long winters, when the snowdrifts were much higher than today, the roads were closed for every transport, and they were practically of regional importance. Trading caravans from Potarje passed through this region towards Budimljanska district and Bihor. The tales say that there was a market in Lubnica, Jelovica and Suvodol where cattle and livestrock products were bartered for other goods. After bloody pogroms organized by the Turks in 1653. there was a shift of native Serbs in Gornja Sela. Those who survived clans from Brda and Stara Crna Gora started to inhabit deserted land. But, certain families like Šćekić’s and Obradović's inhabited this region before 1653. During the 18th century and especially after the Turkish programs in 1737/38, the families from different parts of Brda and Crna Gora started to settle in small but closely related groups. They settled depending on their family ties, close to one another if there was enough space. The natives their number decreased due to several Turkish pogroms. Newcomers mostly settled during the first decades of the 19th century. After that families divided the land, and they took certain propertis either in accordance with the master's approval or without in - if the family was a strong one. They also made friends with each other. The inhabitants of this region comprised of nine Montenegrian tribes: the Piper's, the Njeguša's, the Bjelopavlić's, the Bratonožić's, the Kuča's, the Drobnjak's, the Cuca's, the Vasojević's. There were only 16 clans which implies that the clans were young. Although heterogeneous, the inhabitants were united and the territories they occupied were closely related - which were two factors dictated by the historic and life conditions. They were all reduced to survival and the fight against constant enemy. The inhabitants of this region were indulged in cattle raising, above all, and agriculture. Part-time occupations varied from time to time and the composition of inhabitants. The New-comers from different parts of Montenegro brought with them their habits, custom and crafts. Serbs, the natives, knew several crafts that the new-comers did not accept, as for example, blacksmith's trade. They considered it a low job. During the Middle Ages all villages of Budimljanska district belonged to monasteries and churches. There are no information to whom Gornja Sela belonged. We can suppose that they belonged to St. Janja's church in Lubnice. Some villages belonged to their own churches, and their contributions supported the church. After the Budimljanska district was occupied by the Turks (in 1455) the economy of the region basically changed. Crafts and trade gradually ceased to exist, and Turkish masters took the village land. They tyrannized and robbed the Serbs, in the Asiatic way, and they introduced the farming system. After Turkish oppression in 1737/38 ancient Budimljanska district and Has was divided between the Turkish land owners (known as agas) from Plav and Gusinje. Since then Gornja Sela belonged to them and they introduced very cruel ruling system. After centuries of unbearable life under the Turkish occupation, situation in Gornje Polimlje started to change, and strong resistant movement was organized. The situation in Gornja Sela was getting better since this legion was far away from the centers of power and Turkish authorities as well. Therefore, the master’s income was reduced and they became impoverished. After the Great War in 1878. the Turkish land owners started to sell land to the peasants. Until the end of 19th century, all agriculture land in Gornja Sela was bought up, and family clans bought up the land in the mountains and forests. Agriculture didn't develop much since the middle ages. The reason was a simple one - these were mountainous villages where it was difficult to use agricultural machinery. The greatest achievement in agriculture was the use of iron plow instead of the old fashioned single-handed wooden plow, and some facoty produced tools as well. The inhabitants of Gornja Sela took active part in battles and wars against Turkish aggressor since they settled in this region. They were always the first to receive a blow from the Turks from Kolašin and Bihor, and even from Plav and Gusinje. Gornja Sela suffered considerable damage during the liberation war from 1875 to '78 when the villages were burned, and more than 300 hundred people were imprisoned, 40 people were killed, the cattle was taken away and the crops destroyed. Battalion from Gornja Sela was firm support to Miljan. the duke, in all battles with Turks, so even the prince Nikola praized them and refined to them as a "chivalrous battalion from Gornja Sela". People from Gorja Sela fought the Turks until final liberation in 1912. This book didn't deal with participation of people from Gornja Sela in the liberation wars the Balkan War, World War I and II because such a work is under preparation by another chronicler. Gornja Sela, as a spacious region of Berane valley, is of a great importance for the economy of Berane. The society and state has to take care of natural resources - which wasn’t the case up to present - we witness destruction of forests all over Bjelasica. Existing mountain crossings are left untended, or they cease to exist. They used to lead to lakes and spacious pastures. The only passable roads are those used to transport timber. The quantity of timber is measured in millions of cubic meters. Cattle raising has also been neglected. The state can establish acceptable economic conditions and develop them into profitable activities, if based on the local natural resources. Although soil is mostly infertile, agriculture can be advanced, too if a special brand of plants is used. The villages are almost deserted. The young can be kept there only if there is an economic activity going on, and therefore the pressure on cities will be reduced.

Историја и географија: Сусрети и прожимања

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Russian,Serbian

Веза између људских заједница и њиховог окружења привлачила је пажњу већ од најранијих почетака истраживања људског друштва. Прва историјска дела, настала из пера античких писаца Херодота и Тукидида, натопљена су географским описима и разматрањима, да би ренесанса по- ново подстакла, током средњег века пригушено, интересовање за природни амбијент у коме су се одвијала збивања из прошлости. Откривање дотле непознатих делова света, крајем 15. века, довело је до наглог повећања географских знања и до тога да се друштвено уређење заједница народа на новооткривеним континентима и понашање њихових припадника све чешће објашњава спољашњим факторима. Износећи своје погледе о људском друштву и различитим аспектима његовог постојања и функционисања, европски мислиоци модерног доба почели су да обраћају већу пажњу на природне услове: од енглеског историчара и теолога Питера Хејлина, преко Жана Бодена, Монтескјеа, Мишлеа, Карла Ритера, Ернста Курцијуса, Иполита Тена и других. Схватање (подстакнуто и Дарвиновом теоријом о пореклу врста) да су историјска збивања и географски фактори у међузависности, да се све што је везано уз људску популацију и битно за њу одвија на географском подручју, да су историјска догађања кључни фактор организације и преображаја простора, довело је најзад до издвајања посебне дисциплине, историјске географије, чијим се утемељи- вачем сматра немачки научник Фридрих Рацел. [...]

Kulturno-historijski spomenici Gorskog kotara i Ogulinsko-plašćanske zavale : s pregledom povijesti Gorskog kotara i Ogulinsko-plašćanske zavale od prapovijesti do 1881

Author(s): Filip Škiljan / Language(s): Croatian

Gorski kotar i Ogulinsko-plaščanska zavala nalaze se na području zapadne Hrvatske. Na sjeveru je međa Gorskog kotara istovjetna s linijom državne granice između Hrvatske i Slovenije. U najvećem svojem dijelu ta se granica podudara s tokom rijeke Kupe i rječice Čabranke. Radi se o povijesnoj granici koja postoji od 17. stoljeća i koja je u vrijeme Habsburške Monarhije dijelila pokrajinu Kranjsku od Hrvatske, kasnije, ujedno i austrijski dio od ugarskog dijela Monarhije.

What’s wrong?: Hard science and humanities – tackling the question of the absolute chronology of the Santorini eruption

Author(s): Věra Klontza-Jaklová / Language(s): English

One of the most researched and discussed problems of the Bronze Age in the Aegean is the question of the absolute date of “the Santorini eruption”, i.e. the explosion of the Santorini volcano, a disaster that affected the lives of people in the vast region from Egypt to the Middle East to Central Europe. Opinions of natural sciences and traditional archaeology do not match as they determine that the event could have happened in a broad period from the mid-17th to the end of the 16th century BC. The work analyses individual arguments and methodological approaches and tries to address the question of the disagreement between them.

Prilozi o historiografiji Bosne i Hercegovine (2001–2017) I

Author(s): / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian

Periodično sagledavanje historiografske produkcije u Bosni i Hercegovini imalo je značajne rezultate za ocjenu njenih dostignuća i planiranje budućih aktivnosti. Agresija na Bosnu i Hercegovinu 1992–1995. imala je krupne posljedice na stanje bosanskohercegovačke historiografije, historiografije jugoistočne Evrope, pa i šire, a kao posljedica toga povećan je interes za prošlost i traženje u njoj odgovora na aktualna zbivanja. U tom razdoblju u Bosni I Hercegovini i njenom susjedstvu historijska nauka je poslužila i kao instrument aktualne politike, pa je ponestalo mjesta za kritičke analize historijskih izvora i njihovo objektivno vrednovanje i interpretiranje. Od tada su prisutne težnje da se stvaraju separirani i zatvoreni sistemi kako bi se imala vlastita nacionalna nauka, institucije, umjetnost i školstvo, a to je dovelo do degradacije nauke i kulture i njene marginalizacije u odnosu na evropske i svjetske tokove. I pored izuzetno nepovoljnih mogućnosti za bavljenje historijskom naukom, zabilježeni su ipak određeni rezultati. U središtu istraživanja raznih profila naučnika nalazili su se uglavnom radovi koji su se bavili nacionalnom problematikom. Tematska zastupljenost bila je usmjerena na teme koje se odnose na vlastitu naciju, granice, političku historiju, regionalnu i lokalnu problematiku, što je dovelo do zatvaranja u uske, nacionalne okvire. Mogućnost saradnje ili rada na zajedničkim projektima u Bosni i Hercegovini u potpunosti je marginalizirana.

Expedice Podyjí

Author(s): Jaroslav Najbert,Stanislav Palatka / Language(s): Czech

Expedition Podyjí is desing both for teacher and pupils of low secondary and secondary schools as well as for those who are interested in history of the region of the Podyjí National Park.

Bohuslav Horák – od archeologie k historické geografii

Author(s): Martin Čechura / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Předložená studie je věnována osobnosti Bohuslava Horáka (1881–1960) a jeho archeologické činnosti. V počátcích své odborné dráhy, kdy působil jako profesor gymnázia v Plzni, spolupracoval s Městským historickým museem v Plzni. Provedl archeologické výzkumy na raně středověkém hradišti Hůrka ve Starém Plzenci a na hradišti z doby bronzové a halštatské v Hradišti, podílel se také na zpracování a zhodnocení archeologických nálezů z muzejních sbírek. Významná byla i jeho přednášková činnost, zejména unikátní archeologický kurz pro dobrovolné spolupracovníky.

Tarih Alanında Seçme Yazılar- II

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish

Türkler dünyanın dört bir köşesinde çeşitli medeniyetler kurmuş, maddi manevi en köklü tarihe sahip milletlerden biridir. Türklerin hakimiyet anlayışına bağlı olarak sürekli fetih hareketleri, farklı kültürlerle kaynaşmasına zemin oluşturmuş, buna rağmen kendi öz kültürlerini korumayı başarmışlardır. Buna bağlı olarak hemen hemen tüm coğrafyalarda atalarımızın kültürel izlerine rastlamak mümkündür. Bir millet maddi ve manevi kültürel kalıntılarını araştırıp, üzerinde analiz ve keşifler yaparak, kendi milletine ve dünya kamuoyuna takdim ederse o milletin ilim, sanat ve fikir hayatı hak ettiği konuma doğru yol alabilir. Ulusal tarihin araştırılması ve öğretilmesi, Türk milli bilincinin oluşması bakımından büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bir ulusu, ulus yapan en önemli unsurlardan biri o ulusun tarihidir. Bir milletin en önemli kültür hazinesi, hafızasıdır. Toplumda ulus bilincini oluşturmak, uluslararası ilişkileri ve siyaseti belirlemek, toplumda milli birlik ve beraberliği sağlamak açısından ulusal ve uluslararası tarih çalışmaları önem arz etmektedir. Ulusal tarih bilincine büyük önem veren Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Türk Tarih Tezi başlıklı bir çalışma hazırladı. Daha sonra tarih çalışmalarının derinleştirilmesi, teoriden pratiğe geçirilmesi, Türk tarihi araştırmalarının metodolojik şekilde yapılması arzusuyla “Genel Türk Tarihi Kürsüsü”nü, İstanbul Darülfünun’da oluşturdu. Milli Eğitim Bakanı Hamdullah Suphi ve Mehmet Fuat Köprülü tarafından 20 Mayıs 1925 tarihinde Türkiye’ye davet edilen Zeki Veli Togan bu kuruluşun kürsü başkanı olarak seçildi. Daha sonra 1946 yılında Ankara Üniversitesi, Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümünde, Genel Türk Tarihi kürsüsü kuruldu. Bu kuruluşlar aracılığıyla birbirinden değerli tarih araştırmacıları yetişti ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde modern tarihçiliğin doğuşuna katkı sağlandı.

Tarih Alanında Seçme Yazılar - III

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish

Tarih araştırmalarında geçmiş dönemde meydana gelen olayların dönemin şartları göz önünde tutularak, objektif ve nesnel bir yaklaşımla ele alınması önem arz etmektedir. Geçmişte yaşanan olayların yeniden yaşanması olasılığı olmadığından diğer bilim alanlarında olduğu gibi deney ve gözlem metodu kullanılamaz. Tarih insanlığın tüm gelişim evrelerini incelediği gibi dünyadaki değişimi de hafızasında taşır. Dünya ve insanlık tarihinin bir bütün olarak incelenemeyeceği tarih felsefecilerinin ortak görüşü olup, tarihi eserlerde yazılış türlerine göre bölümlere ayrılmaktadır. Bu bölümler; rivayetçi tarih, öğretici tarih, neden nasılcı tarih, içtimai tarih anlayışı olarak bilinmektedir. Rivayetçi tarih anlayışının ilk temsilcisi Heredot olarak bilinir ve doğrudan doğruya hikaye tarzında yazılan eserleri kapsar. Tüm ulusların ilk kuruluşlarında hikayeleştirilmiş tarih anlayışı görülmektedir. Tüm toplumlar Tanrı ve çeşitli kahramanların etrafında hayal gücüne dayanan çeşitli öykülerle kendi kökenleri hakkında sözlü tarih anlatımları kullanmıştır. Yazıyı kullanmaya başlayan ilk uygarlıklar, tapınakların duvarlarına, kil tabletlere hükümdarların eylemlerini ve önemli olayları yazarak, kayıt altına almışlardır. Öğretici tarih anlayışında tarihi olaylardan ders çıkarmak esastır ve tarihçi ait olduğu millete öğütler vermektedir. Bu anlayışın ilk temsilcisi Thukydides’dir. Araştırmacı tarih günümüz tarih anlayışının temelini oluşturur. 19. yüzyıl tarih araştırmalarında tarihi olaylar arasında sebep sonuç ilişkisi kurularak, bilimsel araştırma yöntemlerinin kullanıldığı ve bu bağlamda neden nasılcı tarih anlayışının ortaya çıktığı görülmektedir.

Przestrzeń społeczno-kulturowa złożonego układu osadniczego

Author(s): Jerzy Runge / Language(s): Polish

The Katowice conurbation had taken shape beginning with the end of the 18th century in the borderlands of two states, Poland and Germany. In this sense, it was an area situated on the peripheries of both countries. Permanent and dynamic interactions between different national-ethnic groups resulted in cultural intermingling. Beginning with the middle of the 20th century, this complex settlement system was already at the centre of socio-economic development on a supra-regional scale. As a result of multidirectional migration, influenced by intensive industrialisation, social relations evolved between the migrants and the local (indigenous) population, as well as between the migrants themselves. The aim of this study is to analyse the early multicultural nature of selected cities in the Katowice conurbation against a methodological and terminological background and to indicate the extent to which this feature might be an asset in present-day socio-economic transformations in this area. The temporal and spatial overlapping of various origins of socio-cultural links and relations leads the author to formulate the concepts of cultural genotype and primary and secondary cultural genotype, and to exemplify the formation of cultural genotypes in the Katowice conurbation.

Slavonske šume kroz povijest. Zbornik radova znanstvenog skupa s međunarodnim sudjelovanjem održanog u Slavonskom Brodu 1.-2. listopada 2015

Author(s): / Language(s): Croatian

Forests represent one of the greatest natural assets of Croatia. In terms of preservation and quality, Slavonian forests of pedunculate oak are particularly renowned today. Slavonian pedunculate oak gained its worldwide fame in the mid-19th century, especially celebrated at that time as an excellent material for barrel staves in France. Since then, the timber industry has become an important element of the Slavonian economy, and its influence is visible in all segments of society. However, Slavonian forests have a much longer history. They are long-lasting structures that have conditioned human life in Slavonia in various ways. Likewise, throughout history, humans have continuously interacted with Slavonian forests through numerous interventions and daily practices related to the forests.