Арии. Веди. Санкхя и Йога
Collection of papers and articles on ancient Indian literature and culture
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Collection of papers and articles on ancient Indian literature and culture
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"Glossary of Silesian Dialects" is the result of many years of scientific work of several generations of linguists from the Silesian Institute in Opole, Poland.
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In this work, consisting of 7 chapters (I. An outline of the early history of linguistic researches on the ethnogenesis of the Slavs; II. Linguistics and other disciplines conducting researches on the early history of the Slavs; III. The hydronymic aspect of research on the ethnogenesis of the Slavs; IV. Slavic ethnonyms and anthroponyms; V. The phonetic differentiation of Slavic; VI. The role of vocabulary in research on the ethnogenesis of the Slavs; VII. The stages preceding the historical past of the Slavs), various theories and hypotheses based on linguistic facts and connected with the ethnogenesis of the Slavs are presented and analysed. The final conclusions based on the research could be stated as follows: The Slavs broke away from the great Proto-Indo-European family; on the basis of linguistic facts we cannot, however, situate their original homeland without some hesitation, nor do we know exactly how the process of differentiation took place and in what way the various language groups emerged. There exist many Balto-Slavic linguistic connections that point to a close or common development of these two language groups. However, on the basis of linguistic facts alone, it is difficult to determine the location of the original homeland of the Slavs and Balts. At some point these two ethnic groups separated; we cannot, however, state the reason for this break, nor what factors brought about the development of linguistically distinct Slavic. From the linguistic data one can assume that at an earlier points in history there existed contacts between Slavic, Italic and Germanic languages, but where and when it occurred has until now not been thoroughly explained. The presence of Celtic traces in the Slavic languages, which has been variously interpreted (some linguists maintain that in the remote past the Slavs could have been in contact with the Celts) could be analysed only with difficulty since knowledge about Celtic dialects is scarce. There undoubtedly existed some Slavic-Iranian connections, but it is difficult at present to determine the scale and character of these contacts. Further studies in this field are recommended. In the case of contacts between the Slavs and Germans it is very important to draw up a detailed chronological chart of the various phases of the contacts. Here linguists encounter great problems owing to a lack of sufficient criteria to separate the Gothic from the Proto-German linguistic layer. At present we are not in a position to determine unequivocally the location of early Slav homelands either in the light of hydronyms, or through the analysis of Slavic ethnonyms or botanical and zoological terminology, or on the basis of contemporary lexical divisions. We do know that the real Slavs, not the supposed ones, appear on the historical stage in the sixth century A. D., whereas the reconstruction of the early Slavic phonetic and morphological system points to the extreme uniformity of the Proto-Slavic language. On the basis of various data, one can thus maintain that the phonetic differentiation of the Slavic language occurred in the second half of the first millenium A. D., when the Slavs suddenly began to expand, occupying sizeable areas of southern, north-eastern and north-western Europe. One can thus speak of a demographic explosion which in turn brought about an expansion of a Slavic ethnos formerly centered on a much smaller area. Pre- and post-war researches have proposed whole range of solutions to the difficult problem of Slavic ethnogenesis. The author of this work refrains from providing more detailed conclusions because she claims, on one hand none of the existing theories is convincing and on the other she is of the opinion that on the basis of the linguistic facts it is impossible to carry out a full reconstruction of the prehistory of the Slavs.
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In the autobiographic story "Little Pole in Asia Minor", Andrzej Zieniewicz, a contemporary literature historian with an air of detachment, describes his glottodidactic experiences in teaching Polish language to the Turks. As in his research papers, in "Little Pole…" Zieniewicz proves that the author is still present in the artistic work, reveals himself and provokes the reader. This is because the subject of the narrative is literary expressed experiences, thoughts and imaginations of the author. In prose described as silva rerum, these experiences are fragmentary and subjective. The author is a figure prior to the narrator, and the matter of the narrative itself is inconsistent, incoherent and fragmentary reality of human cognition.
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The article argues that calling Czesław Miłosz a popularizer of Polish literature and language is fully legitimate. The author presents arguments which corroborate this statement, describing the poet’s initiatives dedicated to promoting Polish literature and language. In the paper, the following aspects of Miłosz’s activity have been described: his literary work, created solely in Polish and often devoted to the author’s native language, his professional activity as a professor of Polish studies at Berkeley, including the authorship of the textbook of Polish literature for foreigners, and his translation accomplishments, namely numerous translations of Polish poets’ works, several published anthologies of Polish poetry in English and educating future translators of Polish literature. Miłosz’s excellent sense of needs and interests of foreigners studying Polish has been particularly emphasized in the article, as it conditioned the success of his prolific activity within popularization of Polish culture.
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This article constitutes another part of my research on the history of teaching Polish as a foreign language in the world. My focus is on the first summer course in Polish culture and language for foreigners, organized in September 1928, which was dedicated specifically to the Italian group of professors and students of Slavic and Polish philology. I also explore a very dynamic growth of Polish studies in Italy in the 1920s and 1930s.
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The Sustainable Development Goals include tasks aimed at improving life in the most important areas of human activity. Their implementation is necessary for the present and future generations to be able to use the broadly understood resources of the Earth in sustainable and conscientious ways, to enjoy a good quality of life, to support each other and create equal opportunities. The article attempts to answer the question of whether Polish as a foreign language can become a pretext for the implementation of selected Sustainable Development Goals. The article analyzes the assumptions included in the 2030 Agenda, and then focuses on those tasks aimed at “transforming our world”, which may function as inspirations toward the creation of didactic materials on language courses. It also explores the selected criteria for choosing a literary text for classes consisting of foreigners. After strictly theoretical considerations, the author refers to the classical theories of ‘the rites of passage’ explored by Arnold van Gennep and Victor Turner. These theories become a germane tool for describing the condition of a person who leaves his/her country in order to live in a new culture and create his/her identity anew. We can observe such stages in the life of the main character of Joanna Bator’s novel “Purezento”. Certain fragments from the text – particularly those devoted to kintsugi – the Japanese art of repairing ceramics, and in the metaphorical sense the art of filling scars with gold, transforming trauma into beauty, become an inspiration for the author to pursue the Sustainable Development Goals in Polish classes with foreigners. In addition, she suggests a number of tasks that may be used for students working at C1 level.
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This article is an analysis of Jarosław Marek Rymkiewicz’s last book of poems. The poet has often expressed sharp and divisive political opinions. Although his literary works frequently constitute controversial manifestos, such statements do not appear in "Metempsychoza". These very personal poems speak about the universal problem of dying, thus uniting readers and involving them in the text. This volume seems to be a new peculiar version of "Dziady": Rymkiewicz both performs the ritual communion of the living with the dead, and creates a text that can be read as an attempt to transcend the work of Mickiewicz (with whom he was fascinated and to whom he devoted many books). The poet uses myths, plays intertextual games with the works of other poets, builds an interesting rhythmic form of an octostich. Thanks to these procedures, he distracts the readers’ attention and hides himself – the main character of these poems – a man who meets his own death. "Metempsychoza" becomes a moving testimony of dying – daring and masterful.
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Polish contemporary art, including art in public space, in addition to all its functions (such as expressive, symbolic, ludic, cognitive or critical), can also play a diagnostic role for the condition of Polish society. Art in Poland is a field of ideological disputes, and frequently divisions and scandals resulting from an overly literal reading of meanings or looking for one-sided associations. On the other hand, artistic creation provides examples of activities that integrate, engage and produce social effects. Presenting artifacts and topics raised by artists provides an opportunity to show foreign audiences these issues, which are vivid and discussed in Polish society in relation to their own worldviews and native culture, and allows to create a space for intercultural dialogue.
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This article presents foreigners’ encounters with Polish music on the Internet. Among them are people interested in Polish culture and language, who learn to improve their language skills using music, as well as users who simply come across Polish music among rich global cultural offer. At the core of the research into the online reception of Polish music is the assumption that teachers using popular culture references in their classes should be able to identify the interests and needs of the ever-changing popular culture audience. The research was limited to YouTube.
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The author starts with a general outline of the speech therapy’s and literary studies’ perspective of reading the text by a writer with aphasia. The main part of the article discusses the strategies adopted by Leo Lipski and Sławomir Mrożek for recovering – learning – language(s) after both writers experienced this speech disorder. The author discusses and compares these strategies, functionalized and thematized in the literary and the autobiographical works of Lipski and Mrożek, and in this attempt she refers to published texts as well as the archives. Contextually, she also reconstructs the problems of multilingualism and emigration related to their works. The author concludes that, despite many differences between the experiences of both writers, the methods of learning Polish after suffering aphasia, which were adopted and described by them, are very similar.
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The article presents the concept of Polish Russophobia and shows its various realizations using examples of literary texts from the Romantic era, with the assumption that it was this era that shaped the native pattern of culture, changed and exploited in moments of crisis. The text comprises a spectrum of attitudes and topoi in the literature and epistolography of bards – the victim figure, divine punishment, martyrology and messianism, patriotic vampirism and historiosophical solutions to the Russian problem – which maybe the basis for foreigners’ understanding of Polish culture.
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The article outlines the longue durée of Poland as imagined in France and France as imagined in Poland in literary representations and political discourse over 500 years of mutual relations. The most important topoi resulting from the first “clash of cultures” (on the occasion of the Polish election of future Henry III of France in 1573), present to this day in impossible farewells and returns and in the scheme of binary oppositions (Enlightenment – Romanticism, modernity – non-modernity, rationality – irrationality, civilization – barbarism, entire Europe – another Europe), are analyzed.
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The main thesis of this article is that the new Polish lexis, created after 2000, documents the dynamic changes taking place in the Polish lifestyle and therefore may be used to present contemporary popular culture to foreigners. This thesis is verified by discussing, according to the thematic criterion (e.g. FITNESS, FOOD), 10 groups of new words registered in the dictionary of neologisms of the Language Observatory of the University of Warsaw, and then by indicating the relationship of their meaning or form with the current cultural trends described by researchers. In the end, various suggestions for the use of the new lexis in Polish as a foreign language classes are given.
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The article is devoted to the use of the concept of languaculture in Polish language teaching – its indispensable part is the teaching of a language understood as a basic cultural fact. The text consists of a description of reflections on the title issue, a presentation of the ways of combining the linguistic and cultural components in selected didactic materials, and a conclusion. The reflections on the place of languaculture in the process of teaching Polish were based, inter alia, on selected publications of linguists and glottodidactics. Attention was paid to the multitude of reflections and studies on the cultural background of lexis, which can be used in the teaching of the Polish language and culture as foreign. The article also presents selected methods of including linguistic content in two textbooks – “Zdaj się na polski!” and “Gramatyka z kulturą”. The authors included linguistic content in the texts and tasks they created, although the development of cultural competence is not their main goal. In the conclusion, attention was paid to building learners’ awareness of the existence of such elements of language, the explanation and correct use of which is related to the knowledge of the cultural context.
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Diskriminaca ne uvek jasno vidljiva, podvuče se u jako male niti života i postaje realnost na koju eventualno pristajemo jer ne znamo za bolje, ili naprosto mislimo da bolje ne postoji. S druge strane, zakonski okviri u našoj državi jasno govore o tome šta je to diskriminaca, koje su osnove i kako se zakonski i šta treba tretirati. No, ako išta znam o ovoj državi, to je da sveto slovo na papiru u praksi ne znači apsolutno ništa. Da pojasnim, član 2. Zakona o zabrani diskriminace u BiH nedvojbeno naglašava: „Diskriminacom će se, u smislu ovog zakona, smatrati svako različito postupanje uključujući svako isključivanje“, te eksplicitno ubraja rodni identitet kao osnovu za diskriminacu. Uprkos ovome, svi rodni identiteti koji nisu u skladu sa onim društveno prihvaćenim bivaju svakodnevno isključeni = diskriminirani.
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Fenomenologa rodno osveštenog jezika nedvosmisleno otvara slojevita poglavlja u shvatanju stvarnosti, kako stare, tako i nove. Imajući na umu da upotreba jezika, koju možemo pratiti uz pomoć alatki iz domena korpusne lingvistike, određuje prirodnost diskursa, važno je sagledati koji konceptualni i kulturološki okviri nastaju u sinhronskom smislu i na koji način menjaju mehanizme percepce. Navedeni kognitivno-kulturološki okviri udaraju temelj za nove pristupe kodiranju jezičkog prostora i uspostavljaju neophodne sisteme za dekodiranje vrednosnih matrica, pomažu u razumevanju i usvajanju novih jezičkih praksi i sveobuhvatnih stvarnosti. U radu je težište stavljeno na dominantne pojmove u diskursu akademskog prostora anglofonih zemalja u odnosu na lokalni kontekst.
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The aim of the modern methodology of teaching Romanian language and literature at a younger school age is for students to become as independent as possible in the process of acquiring knowledge. Bearing this in mind, the authors emphasize the importance of the problematic process of processing a literary work on the example of the folk tale Three Friends, the application of which enables a more successful experience and understanding of literary texts, different forms of interpretation and creative expression in children of younger school age. The problem-based approach to the interpretation of literary texts engages the individual and creative abilities of students to the highest degree, which leads to an easier solution to the problem situation. The final part of the paper presents the results of the conducted research on the attitudes of students of younger school age who attend classes in the Romanian mother tongue, after the application of the problem-based procedure in the processing of the folk tale.
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Letters from Yordanka Filaretova, a native of Sofia, to Maria Burmova are analysed for linguistic variants before the official codification of Bulgarian orthography in 1899. Filaretova's mobility, specifically her long-term residence in Istanbul, suggests loose (i.e. more dispersed rather than dense) social networks that correlate with innovations in linguistic norms and the diffusion of linguistic change. The paper thus contributes to the study of the linguistic history of norms listed below, that is, the value of language variants by speakers who were not centrally involved in debates about what language variants should eventually be chosen for the Bulgarian literary language.
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The article is dedicated to three textbooks in stylistics, published at the turn of the twentieth century, which marks the beginning of modern Bulgarian stylistics. The book of R. Puhlev contains a short theoretical part. The books of B. Angelov and V. Yordanov are impressively modern with regard to the included problems, as well as the used terms and their definitions. The two texts are juxtaposed and some of the theoretical accomplishments of the authors are highlighted. Both books have been written for didactic purposes, yet they are fundamental for the development of stylistics in Bulgaria.
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