Греческие корни в лексическом составе русского и польского языков (семантический, словообразовательно-морфологический и стилистический аспекты)

Author(s): Maciej Walczak / Language(s): Russian

The object of research in the following work are the autonomous lexical units (for instance: dramat, estetyka, technika, technologia, energia, energetyka, etc. with their derivatives) and the root morphemes borrowed from the Greek language (bio-, cyber-, eko-, ekono-, elektro-, and mega-) in the structure of selected parts of speech in Polish and Russian. The object of analysis are semantic, morphological-derivational and stylistic features of these parts of speech in the Polish-Russian confrontation. The choice of the research subject was dictated by the need to describe in detail a selected fragment of lexis of related languages with regard to the influence of foreign elements on their vocabulary, and furthermore, their evolution and expansion into other areas of the linguistic system. This choice is even more justified regarding the lack of specific Polish-Russian studies on the subject (with an emphasis on the most recent phenomena in both languages). The existing and quite extensive literature discussed in chapter one allows us to draw the conclusion that borrowings were first and foremost studied as lexical phenomena. These issues were also often analysed in terms of the word formation, morphology and adaptation processes of the foreign elements. The questions of borrowings in phraseology and dialectology have been described to a lesser extent. It should be noted that the borrowings from Greek constitute quite a large body in the lexis of the Russian language. Therefore, they have been more thoroughly and broadly reflected in Russian linguistic literature than in Polish. Moreover, different methods were applied for the analysis of the borrowings, as well as not always coinciding typologies and classifications. In chapter two of the following dissertation, we managed to discover, unlike analogical comparative studies, the potential conceptual mechanisms affecting the synonymy of the foreign morphemes (mega-, super, hiper- and ekstra-) not only with their native counterparts, but also with other evaluative phrases (mainly positive). It seems that we have also explained the question of collocations, in both languages, of the lexoid mega- with appropriate nouns (against the background of Greek). These collocations may stem from its two established main meanings vectorial and scalar, depending on whether it collocates with a concrete or abstract noun. The vectorial meaning is hereby understood as a feature related to space, that is as size oriented horizontally (length, width) and vertically (height), like mega bluza, mega kolczyki; мега сборник, мега карандаш. The scalar meaning, on the other hand, is interpreted as a feature manifesting itself through intensity (for example mega energia, mega masa, and mega moc). Furthermore, in this chapter, we have proposed a classification of lexemes with morphemes of our interest according to meaning (e.g. in different contexts, the adjective электронный / elektroniczny can be interpreted as: 1.‘Internet’; 2. ‘virtual’ – that is materially nonexistent; 3. ‘computer’; 4. ‘related to electronics’ – а) ‘a field of science’, b) ‘equipment’. In addition, semantic parallelisms have been indicated between the parts of speech containing the discussed morphemes and the lexemes regarded as their synonyms (e.g. экологичный / ekologiczny = зелёный / zielony) or antonyms (e.g. Polish eko- ≠ techno-).

Międzynarodowy alfabet fonetyczny w slawistyce

Author(s): Piotr Rybka / Language(s): Polish

The monograph is an extensive guide to international transcription. All currently used symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet are incorporated along with the explanation of their meaning and uses. Among many examples of transcription derived from phonetic publications, original transcriptions of more difficult articulations are also included in the book. It may be noted, therefore, that the book bridges the gap in Polish linguistic literature where–for many years–a full description of present standard of international transcription has been missing. The examples of transcriptions and sets of symbols are gathered to meet the needs of Slavonic researchers. The present monograph may be, therefore, recognized as intended for scientific rather than general reader. It may prove useful to specialists in different linguistic fields as well as in speech therapy. The book might be used by students of various philological subjects provided that they have acquired the essentials of articulatory phonetics. The monograph comprises ten chapters along with the unpaginated preface and a list of phonetic symbols at the end. General assumptions of the study are introduced in the preface as well as possible uses of international transcription and reasons behind preferring this system of transcription to traditional Slavonic alphabet. The first chapter outlines the history of the International Phonetic Association and its alphabet since its beginnings in late 19th century until the latest changes in the 21st century. All currently used sets of international phonetic symbols with essential explanations are introduced in the second chapter. Understanding of the use of the symbols is facilitated by means of original typology of the symbols contained in this chapter. The third chapter depicts the so-called Principles of the International Phonetic Association defining the application of the alphabet, the evolution of its symbols, as well as basic rules of international transcription. The Principles are discussed according to the official handbook of the International Phonetic Association. In the following chapter, symbols of both Slavonic and International Phonetic Alphabets are compared, each group of equivalents being accompanied by essential explanatory notes. The list of symbols introduced in chapter four enables the reader to compare both alphabets and become familiarized with the major differences between them. Ways of transcribing different actions of the larynx (i.e. phonation) are presented in the fifth chapter, whose latter section consists of symbols which may be used to transcribe prosodic features of speech including tone, word stress, length, boundaries of prosodic units, intonation contours and many others. The most important consonant symbols arranged according to the place of articulation are discussed in the subsequent chapter, which begins with the description of the model of vocal organs with its divisions. More unusual articulations are introduced in the footnotes, since they may occur in Slavonic languages only as incorrect realizations of sounds. The main text, however, is centered around articulations that are most common in the above-mentioned languages. In the seventh chapter, vowel symbols are elaborated with reference to the vowel quadrilateral model which provides the basis of the international system of vowel transcription. This section contains the symbols of the most important central approximants as well as symbols of particular Slavonic vowels. Chapter eight includes review of symbols for essential complex articulations, such as palatalization, labialization, affricates, nasalization and diphthongs. In a separate section, transcription of different types of release–also called ‘plosion’ in some works–is presented along with types of consonant gemination. In the subsequent (ninth) chapter much space has been given to particular issues concerning phonetics of Slavonic languages. Transcription of coronal, palatal and palatalized consonants is discussed in great detail, the discussion being an attempt at organizing different transcriptions found in literature. The last chapter consists of additional examples of transcriptions of words and sentences in Czech, Polish, Russian and Slovenian languages. Due to sporadic application of the International Phonetic Alphabet to Slavonic languages, providing examples from other languages was not possible. Nevertheless, the transcriptions gathered allow to observe wide range of possibilities of the International Phonetic Alphabet which serves as a device for marking minute articulatory features. The list of references provides all publications used in the monograph as well as offers additional information on the International Phonetic Alphabet. All phonetic symbols and all complex symbols available in computer fonts are listed at the end of the book. Value description as well as Unicode number are provided for each symbol. Additional explanatory notes on structure and common erroneous substitutions of similar letters are given to most complex symbols. Many of the international symbols have their equivalents in simplified phonetic scripts which are also added to the closing list of symbols.

Wartościowanie w internetowych komentarzach do artykułów prasowych dotyczących stosunków niemiecko-polskich. Próba analizy pragmalingwistycznej

Author(s): Mariusz Jakosz / Language(s): Polish

The subject of the following monograph is strategies for expression of ethnic evaluative statements in Internet comments on press articles concerning German-Polish relations. The comments appeared in Internet forums of German daily and weekly newspapers, including: “Die Welt”, “Die Zeit”, “Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung”, “Süddeutsche Zeitung” and “Bild-Zeitung”. The research period comprised the years from 2009 to 2013, which were dominated by political events and media coverage prompting Internet users to be extremely active. In their comments often emerged acts of speech negatively evaluating Polish characteristics and ways of behaving. The analysis of German comments is based on a critical discourse analysis. On that basis, an attempt will be made at answering the following questions: 1. What linguistic resources are used to call the Polish people? 2. What characteristics are ascribed to Poles? 3. What arguments serve to justify discrimination against Poles? 4. From what perspective are the pejorative terms relating to Poles and Poland formed? 5. Are evaluative statements about Poland and Poles expressed directly or obliquely? Are they amplified or rather toned down? The analysis of the collected material allows us to distinguish the following evaluation strategies in Internet comments: simplification and/or generalization of views, categorization of ethnic features, emotionalization based on the opposition „we – they”, and positive auto-presentation of one’s own group and depreciation of a foreign group.

Njemačko-bosanski poslovični rječnik : njemačke poslovice sa bosanskim ekvivalentima

Author(s): Belma Prndelj-Šator,Memnuna Hasanica / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,German,Serbian

Nova lica jezika

Author(s): Ranko Bugarski / Language(s): Serbian

Knjiga Nova lica jezika, s podnaslovom Sociolingvističke teme, pojavila se 2009. godine u svom drugom izdanju. Kako sam autor u Predgovoru napominje, u ovo izdanje nisu unete nikakve izmene u odnosu na prvo izdanje iz 2002. godine, a teme kojima se ova knjiga bavi ostaju jednako aktuelne i zanimljive kao i pre sedam godina. Nadovezujući se tematski na prethodno objavljenu knjigu Lica jezika. Sociolingvističke teme (2001), ova knjiga sadrži šesnaest poglavlja, podeljenih u tri celine.

СЪВРЕМЕННА БЪЛГАРСКА АНТРОПОНИМИЯ

Author(s): Anna Choleva-Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The following article presents the actual condition of the Bulgarian anthroponomyms, which has been observed through the prism of the situation in the biggest citi in Bulgaria – Sofia. The research shows the anthroponomical picture during the years 1929–1979, 2007–2010. The dissemination and fashion of personal names have been analyzed – in linguoculturological, ethnolinguistic and purely linguistic aspects. Both the intra- and extralinguistic factors, which have influence over the Bulgarian anthroponomical system, have been accounted. But only time will show us if due to this project the appearance of our system of first names and its traditional nature will be preserved.

ПТИЦИТЕ В БЪЛГАРСКАТА ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ

Author(s): Katazina Popova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Man has always admired birds and has been envious of their ability to fly, relating this ability to unlimited freedom. Subject of admiration has also been birds' singing that has been imitated, copied, quoted and recreated by generations of composers and musicians. Birds have been associated with a number of symbols, myths, legends and religious beliefs. This article is dedicated to the linguistic and culturogical analysis of Bulgarian phrasal units with components - names of birds, living in freedom as well as their axiologization. The author pursues to follow the semantic realization of these linguistic tools and to reveal their images and connotations as well as their symbolic meaning. The study is based on the cognitive approach in linguistics with accentuated link with the language of culture and is targeting birds living in freedom as fragment of Bulgarian linguistic picture of the world.

Слике у речима. Иконичност лексике српског језика у контексту словенске митологије: метафоре живота и смрти

Author(s): Ivana Bašić / Language(s): Serbian

Images in Words. Lexical Iconicity of the Serbian Language in the Context of Slavic Mythology: Metaphors of Life and Dead is the first study of the relationship between lexical iconicity and the linguistic world picture in the Serbian language. The research is based on the premises that language is a specific representation of the inner form of thinking, which is indicative of a particular world-view; that semantic systems change in time, but in that passage from complex to categorical thinking the traces of complex thinking stay preserved in lexical iconicity and reveal themselves in the articulation of repressed semantic components in the given context; that not only metaphor and metonymy play an important role in the transformations of semantic systems as mechanisms of understanding and transposing ideas from one field of knowledge to another, but also iconicity and the existence of a number of universal imaginative schemes.

Studies in Contrastive Semantics, Pragmatics, and Morphology

Author(s): / Language(s): English

The book constitutes a collection of articles devoted to the problems associated with contrastive linguistics. The articles presented in the volume discuss above all the problems of contrastive cognitive semantics. Nevertheless, some articles are focused on morphology and contrastive pragmatics, owing to which the book may be a worthwhile item for a broader readership. The publication discusses linguistic phenomena which are featured mainly in the Polish and in the English language, although the reader may also be interested in references to the Croatian, French or Czech languages. Inasmuch as the introduction presents an overview of the most important problems of contrastive linguistics in a broader context, the purpose of the particular articles is to present the current trends in contrastive research and the varied research methods. Therefore the present publication is intended mainly for linguists, theoreticians and practitioner of contrastive linguistics, as well as the experts in the field of cognitive linguistics.

Tradiţie şi inovare în cercetarea ştiinţifică. Colloquia Professorum, ediţia a 6-a, dedicată Anului profesorului Nicolae Filip : 29 septembrie 2016. Vol. I

Author(s): Ion Gagim,Ala Sainenco,Pavel Topală,Elena Harconiţa,Vitalie Rusu,Igor Cojocaru / Language(s): Romanian,Russian,Ukrainian

Volumul "Tradiţie şi inovare în cercetarea ştiinţifică" cuprinde materialele de la ediţia a 6-a a conferinţei ştiinţifice Colloquia Professorum „Tradiţie şi inovare în cercetarea ştiinţifică”, desfăşurată la 29 septembrie 2016, ediţie dedicată Anului Profesorului Nicolae Filip, care în acest an ar fi împlinit vârsta de 90 de ani.

Historia języka w XXI wieku. Stan i perspektywy

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

The volume constitutes the gleanings of the 1st Congress of the Historians of (a) Language which was held in Katowice. The purpose of this scholarly meeting was to present the scholarly accomplishments of historical linguistics which were achieved heretofore and to present the most important research plans of the discipline. Almost 150 scholars who represent this field participated in the Congress. The participants engaged various themes which arranged themselves in the following subject blocks: I. The methodological dilemmas of modern diachronic linguistics II. Historical-linguistic research and the universal problems of linguistics III. The sources which are used in diachronic research IV. Lexicology and lexicography V. The regional Polish language and the dialects VI. Communication. Genology. Stylistics VII. The historical-linguistic knowledge in university education The volume features a very important supplement in the form of a transcript and a report of two panel discussions which focused on the following problems: 1. “The research and methodological challenges of historical linguistics”; 2. “The teaching-related tasks of historians in reference to the national communicative community in the past and in the present”. The opinions of the representatives of the scholarly community about the position of diachronic linguistics in linguistic research, the opinions about the fundamental problems and dilemmas are certainly relevant to all people who are interested in the progress of the research in (a) language. The value of the present volume is further enhanced by the last part which is devoted to the events which celebrated the conferring of the name of a distinguished linguist, Irena Bajerowa, to the Institute of the Polish Language of the University of Silesia. The opinions of the Friends, Family Members and the Students which were preserved represent the scholarly and, at the same time, the cordial nature of this significant event.

Kulturowe kody reklamy. Świat znaczeń w reklamie z perspektywy socjalizacji

Author(s): Emilia Bańczyk (Kałuzińska) / Language(s): Polish

The purpose of my dissertation is the reconstruction of socialization offer of advertising. The choice of this topic involves contemporary cultural transformations and results from observation that the process of entering an individual to society is more often accompanied by the media, and with the recognition that advertisement has a meaningful impact in today’s world – as the transfer of general social knowledge. These two concepts: socialization and advertising become description subject in the theoretical part of the thesis. Television has become an important factor of socialization, as the research indicates, which shows that the average nursery school child watches television up to three hours a day. Young viewers like to watch advertisments, they are also the extremely absorbent audience and prolong the existence of commercial messages, drawing from them inspiration for fun and for the children’s folklore. To evaluate the potential of the socialization of advertising, I analyse advertising spots broadcast on channel TVP ABC. Children as recipients of fables become here automatically receivers of many advertising messages. Arousing children’s interest advertising has the potential to shape the image of the world’s youngest viewers, providing knowledge about products, but also about values, stereotypes or social roles. In this way conceptualization of reality from advertisments can be internalized by the child audience. Advertising as a multicode, polisemiotic message, requires also multidimensional description. I am ordering the collected material using content analysis – taking into consideration the category of advertised products, as well as promoted in spots values and social roles in which the main ads character are being occupied. Then I am taking a closer look to the selected advertisement and doing their semiological analysis, to check how a single spots in its plots reproduce the social order and in what way modify it. Finally, I am studing advertising spoken texts, supporting with the concept of the Lublin school of ethnolinguistics, I am trying to reconstruct an linguistic picture of the world carried by the advertisements. Reconstruction of advertising socialization offer shows that advertising equates children recipient with an adult, presenting post consumption world where dreams are realized through loans. Picture of the social roles is filled with stereotypes, however, we can notice some elements of changes, ie. fathers taking care of children or active female character presented away from home. The meaning of advertisements creates three pragmatic areas: CONSUMPTION AREA, UNLIMITED POSSIBILITIES AREA and EXISTENCE AREA. The child learns from advertising texts that „new is better”, that it can do in life, whatever it wants, and, that life is inseparably connected with money, while home and family are disconnected.

Polska półka filmowa. Krótkometrażowe filmy aktorskie i animowane w nauczaniu języka polskiego jako obcego

Author(s): Justyna Hanna Budzik,Agnieszka Tambor / Language(s): Polish

The films that have been discussed in the present textbook contain a variety of linguistic and cultural values. We have offered short films, because due to their small volume they are suitable for use in their entirety in any kind of classroom activity. However, making a lesson more attractive is not the only function of the compilation of films that we have proposed – another one is to fill the gap existing in contemporary textbooks devoted to teaching Polish as a foreign language. The films covered in the book form a kind of a catalogue of pretexts for conversation on difficult topics, which are omitted by most textbooks. Cultural problems related to individual films are just one part of lesson units suggested. Apart from them, we also propose a set of various exercises developing all language skills which thematically match a specific movie. The basic aim of the textbook is the development of students’ communicative competence. The language levels have not been specified either in the lesson outlines or in the exercises. This has been done consciously and deliberately, in order to give the teacher or instructor the opportunity to adapt individual elements to the needs and interests of their group.

BETON - Kulturno propagandni komplet br. 96, god. IV, Beograd, utorak, 18. maj 2010.

Author(s): Milica Jovanović,Saša Ćirić,Dušan Pržulj,Predrag Lucić,Nika Dušanov,Zdravko Šotra,Lazar Bodroža / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian

MIXER, Milica Jovanović: Moj obračun s njima; CEMENT, Saša Ćirić: Iz poznatog u očekivano; ŠTRAFTA, Dušan Pržulj: O Boemskom sindikatu; VREME SMRTI I RAZONODE, Predrag Lucić: Izljubljeni u prevodu, Nika Dušanov: Veliko nasukavanje u Srpskoj akademiji jauka i gumenosti; BULEVAR ZVEZDA, ŠOTRA, Zdravko; BLOK BR. V, Lazar Bodroža: Avanture zeca Milorada (2)

Деиксисът в наративния дискурс на помаците от Турция

Author(s): Hristo Kyuchukov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper presents research findings among the Pomak groups of Turkey. Research with Pomaks living in the surroundings of the town of Biga – not so far from the city of Chanakkale in Turkey, was focused on the use of the deixis in the narrative discourse. The Pomaks in the villages around Biga emigrated to Turkey from Bulgaria after the Russian-Turkish war in 1878. They are coming from the surrounding villages of the town of Chepelare. They speak a Slavic language which they call pomaski which has adapted many lexical borrowings from Turkish. The use of demonstrative pronouns in the narratives of the speakers are observed and their deictic functions are analyzed. Although the paper and study are very small, they still bring new information about the function of demonstrative pronouns in the communication among Pomaks when they use their community language. This is the first sociolinguistic study of Pomak language in Turkey.

Етнонимът ахряни в съвремието

Author(s): Davide Fanciullo / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The population of Bulgarian Rhodopes comprises of Christian and Muslim people. The particular situation in this area is the consequence of historical processes occurring particularly during the period of Ottoman rule in the territory of Bulgaria, which led to the Islamization of part of the population. There are several explanations regarding the origin of the names used to identify the Muslim population in the region. The most commonly used name appears to be Pomak. The ethnonym ahryane is also used, although it does not have a clear etymology. In Greek history, the name originates from the ancient people Agrianes or Agrianians, while Turkish scholars derive it from aren, meaning ‘man’ to indicate the masculinity of the Turks in the area. A third Turkish-Arab theory leads back to the word aharjan, meaning ‘annexed land or subdued later’ (Mitrinov 2011). In the Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary, the word ahryane is connected to the medieval name of the region of the Eastern Rhodopes Ahrid (Greek Αhridos). Previous research has explored the history and culture of the Muslim population in the region, but the origin of the name Agriani and its local significance today remains unclear. This study aims to fill the knowledge gap by investigating the origin of the name Agriani and its current cultural use for the population.

Анализ по метода на главните компоненти на връзки между езикови нагласи към 18 некодифицирани варианта на социолингвистични променливи

Author(s): Krasimira Aleksova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article examines the results of the application of the principal components method to language attitudes to 18 non-codified variants of sociolinguistic variables. This method is necessary to be able to obtain generalized language attitudes towards non-codified variants in spoken speech after perception. The extracted language attitudes are presented, which is the result of analyses using the method of principal components.

За възможностите на перцептуалната социолингвистика при проучването на билингвална езикова ситуация

Author(s): Vladislav Marinov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The research explores and analyses data from a questionnaire survey among respondents residing in the town of Bregovo (Vidin region), aiming to predict the potential future development of the language situation in the investigated area. The findings show that through the methodology of perceptual sociolinguistics, current processes in bilingual communities can be adequately represented, considering the particularities in the formation of bilingual attitudes.

Психолингвистични аспекти на политическия дискурс: Аналитичен поглед към речи на премиери на Гърция в периода 1974-2011 г.

Author(s): Kristina Simeonova-Gancheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper examines political discourse through the lens of psycholinguistics. The focus is on speeches of Greek prime ministers in the period from the restoration of democracy (1974, the government of K. Karamanlis) to the last government of G. Papandreou – 2011. The main thesis is that some psycholinguistic characteristics of political speech have a significant contribution to its main purpose – conviction.

PROVERBELE DESPRE ÎNVĂȚARE: O ANALIZĂ REFLECTATĂ ÎN TRADUCERI

Author(s): VICTORIA SOLOVEI / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Proverbs are identified by linguists as elements of repeated speech that, on one hand, embellish language with expressiveness, but on the other hand, may impart a template character to the text. Consequently, some critics view the use of proverbs in discourse as a form of intellectual servility, while others regard them as gems of linguistic tradition that encapsulate the generalised experience of a people. Education, as a concept, is considered a universal value, yet different cultures may approach it differently. Translating paremiological units can provide access to new perspectives on universal values and experiences, or reveal strong elements of interculturality. This article aims to explore the main strategies for translating proverbs about learning from English into Romanian, based on specialized lexicographic works. It will highlight the differences and similarities between Anglo-Saxon and Romanian cultural perspectives on the learning process and the strategies translators use to convey the essence of each paremiological unit.