![Акад. Молдован, Александр Михайлович, директор Института русского языка имени В.В. Виноградова – РАН: Филологические науки, и в частности палеославистика, имеют будущее.](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2017_31623.jpg)
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The paper reviews the contributions Stefan Mladenov made to Paleo-Balkan linguistics and in particular to the studies of the Thracian language via his research on Balkan hydronyms. The etymology of the names of several important rivers and the diachronic development of the names are presented, as well as the intrepretations of Thracian scholars of Mladenov's findings.
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The rivers Ἕβρος and Τόνζος are very well known and it is possible to assume a link between Τονζενίς and the Τόνζος river. A problem before such a hypothesis comes from the fact that Τονζενίς, the phyle from Anchialo, was located very far from the Tonzos river. However, it is possible to assume that the inhabitants of Anchialo belonged to the phyle Τονζενίς, whose origin was not from the settlement Τόνζος. The latter is known only from Claudius Ptolemy and the coins with countermark Τόνζου, and it was probably too small to send colonists to Anchialo. Therefore, it would be more plausible to assume that the settlement was located closer to Anchialo, i.e., that it was a settlement that had relations along the Black Sea coast. The assumption that Claudius Ptolemy made a mistake by assuming that the river Τόνζος was not a tributary to the Ἕβρος, but flowed into the Black Sea, is not convincing. It seems strange that Claudius Ptolemy does not mention a river Τόνζος and Hadrianopolis, which was located at the estuary of the river where it flows into the Maritsa. The reasons for this remain unclear. Maybe Claudius Ptolemy used an older source in which the name Hadrianopolis did not occur yet. If a name from Thrace can be defined as Indo-European, this does not mean that it was necessarily Thracian. Therefore, it is necessary to judge very well whether the name Τόνζος and the same name of the Black Sea are not pre-Thracian, because that was not a rare occurrence: Ὀδησσός, Λάρισα, Thera and Asine. It is a fact that the name of the Τόνζος river does not occur anywhere else in the area of the Thracian language, and the presence of the second name Ἀρτησκος/Ἀρτακος next to Τόνζος suggests more likely the Tundja river.
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The article deals with the history and the development of the Turkic languages from the first traces of Turkic until today. It provides the reader with an overview about the languages of the Modern Turkic, the Middle Turkic and the Ancient Turkic periods. Furthermore, the article gives basic informations about the different cultures of the speakers of these languages. The reader is taken through the history of those groups which are suspected to have played a role during the formation of Turkic, and of groups which really spoke or speak a Turkic language. The part about Turkic language history also includes the treatment of Turkic-Mongolic language contacts. Both language-families have influenced each other to such a degree that they became more and more similar to each other through the curse of time. This seems more probable than a genetic relationship between the two language families which is a central postulate of the Altaic Hypothesis.
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The paper traces the specialised academic discussion on the identification of the Bargus and Syrmus rivers, tributaries to the Hebros (pres. Maritsa), known from a laconical text by Pliny the Elder at the end of his text on Thrace. The author recalls that while the identification of Syrmus with today’s Stryama is certain and universally accepted, different viewpoints exist with respect to Bargus. In conclusion, support is given to the identification of Bargus with the Topolnitsa river that flows into Maritsa not far from the village of Vetren. A possibility discussed is that Pliny’s sources on the two rivers in Thrace were Greek authors who were familiar with the geography of the Upper Thracian Plain as a result of the contacts of the indigenous population with the Greek colonies along the Aegean coast, as well as owing to the presence of Greek population in that part of Thrace. It is assumed that the evidence must have been recorded on some occasion in some of the Aegean colonies that had trade contacts with the valley along the Upper course of the Maritsa river and that it probably reached Pliny through the mediation of the local history of one of those cities.
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Metaphor is derived from the ancient Greek verb metapherein which means to carry across or to transfer. Ancient Roman authors used the word translatio derived from verb transferre. Metaphor is a word or phrase which belongs properly to one subject, but transfered to another on the grounds of similarity or comparison between them. The area from which the proper word is borrowed is denoted by source of the metaphor. Like any other literatures, metaphors are also widely used in Latin literature. The commonest metaphors of Latin poets and writers are derived from navigation and aspects of the sea, farming, breeding animals, slavery, military, fire and flame, hunting and circus games. All these sources, especially navigation and aspects of the sea, are frequently seen in works of Marcus Tullius Cicero, the most significant character of Roman rhetoric, philosophy and politics in 1st BC. In this study, the theories on the definition and purposes of metaphor in ancient rhetorical treatises will be summarized initially, then will be focused on Cicero’s works which includes his judical and deliberative speeches, philospohical treatises and his letters. The metaphors derived from navigation will be detected and categorized on the basis of borrowed words. The aim of this study is to recollect this kind of metaphors as a corpus which scattered among his works. Each category will be commented by selecting examplary phrases and the rest which bears the same meaning will be listed below. Exemplary phrases are in Latin in the main text, translations in footnotes.
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Being a Turkish folklorist and scientist Sedat Veyis Örnek has studied on ethnology by adopting the principles of Turkish linguistic revolution and he has not only introduced Turkish terms to Turkish terminology but also contributed to Turcology with his scientific studies. In this article, the terms in Etnoloji Sözlüğü and Budunbilim Terimleri Sözlüğü of Sedat Veyis Örnek, who has contributed to purify foreign terms in Turkish scientific language with Turkish terms being headword in his dictionaries have been evaluated with derivational morphology and terminology. During the course of the study, the terms scanned in both of the dictionaries and the sample scanned terms were classified using the methods employed for the translation of foreign terms into Turkish. The methods which have been applied by Sedat Veyis Örnek are as follows: calque: Alm. Weisse Magie / Fr. magie blanche / İng. white magic > ak büyü; referring to derivational morphemes: Alm. Vervollstaendigung, Integration / Fr. Intégration / İng. Integration > bütünleşme; word combining: Alm. Volkskunde / Fr., İng. folklore / es.t. halkıyyat, folklor > halkbilim; referring to Turkish dialects: Alm. Regenboden / Fr. arc-en-ciel / İng. rainbow / es. t. alaimisema > alkım; referring to historical texts: Alm. Ekstase / Fr. extase / İng. ecstasy / es.t. vecde gelme > esrime. It has been concluded that lexical entry terms in the dictionaries are substantially Turkish though there are foreign terms which are derivated from Eastern and Western languages. These lexical entries indicate that Sedat Veyis Örnek has not only adopted and reflected the policy of Turkish Linguistic Revolution while translating foreign terms into Turkish but he also supported the studies conducted within the frame of this policy.
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A letter is a sign that symbolises a sound in a language and forms the alphabet. These signs are expected to show the sounds of their language correctly and accurately. It is also desired of the alphabet to be easily written and read; because it is very important in social life and education that the alphabet is easy to be learnt and used correctly; for education is closely related to development, modernisation and social prosperity. Therefore, the Alphabet reform, which took place on 3 November 1928, has a special place and importance amongst Ataturk’s revolutions considering its reasons and consequence With the Alphabet reform, the Ottoman language which takes its source from Arabic was abandoned and the Turkish alphabet, created with modification of Latin alphabet, took its place. In this article, reasons and consequences of the Alphabet reform, discussions that took place after it and its effects to literature have been studied. The intellectual side, cultural basis and the consequences of the Alphabet reform have been studied with the qualitative examination methods from a wide point of view. This study consist of five parts: In the first part the relation between language, culture and writing is stated; in the second part the preparation process of the reform has been studied based on several sources; in the third part the discussions about the reform have been examined; fourth part is about the reflections of the alphabet reform in the western world and in the last part, the effects of the reform on Turkish literature have been briefly stated. All of these parts can separately be a subject of a research. The goal of this research is to present the researchers with the cultural basis of the alphabet reform on its reasons, the way it took place and its results through a wide point of view.
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Yaşar Kemal is mainly well-known with his novels and interviews; whereas, he is a successful essayist as well. His published proses in various periodicals give a clue in terms of his intellectual adventure. In his writings, published during more than a half-century, the use of colloquial language stands out as an essential reference to build arguments. That language which assesses the sense of reality, and culture which generates it, are arranged anew as a model by the author. The perspective of issues varied from local to global can be assessed in his Anatolia «model». In this sense, it is frequently articulated for Yasar Kemal’s novels: «make familiarize Anatolia with the world». In essays generally it is phrased as «make familiarize the world through Anatolia». This “Anatolia” is a part of world culture, and must only be taken into account with a protected nature. Many concepts and junctures peculiar to new age and modernity are “translated” into this model’s language. The discourse identified by translating activity of which important elements are repetition and exaggeration, evolves into explaining and construing the reality. This language and the culture wihch generates it, are leading elements for art and creativity. One of the inferences of this viewpoint is that the author defines alienation as detaching from humanist folk culture that determines the “esence of humanity” rather than defining it as man’s relation with machine. This study, through Yaşar Kemal’s proses, focuses on framing a different portrait of the author, which appears in according with nature, culture and creativity.
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Each society has the particular linguistic and behaviour models to express the certain situations in the different domains of the daily life. Greetings, farewell and dining etiquettes, table manners or the rules of courtesy are the most important communication routine of the social life. The beginning and the finishing of both interpersonal and intercultural communication are realised by these routine. These linguistic and behaviours can show important differences from society to society, from culture to culture. For example altough in Turkey to kiss adult’s hand shows respect, this is not exist in European countries. Like this example, table manners and dining etiquettes are different from society to society and these are definable like “appropriate”, “right” or “inappropriate”, “unwarranted”. An inappropriate form of greeting and dining etiquettes for different culture may lead to failure or not to complete of communication even started yet. Learn the cultural behaviour models of the society in order to not live such negative cases and to cause the undesirable prejudices in the beginning of the communication. It is the important the beginning, continuation and ending of the healty communication. Communication accidents can be blocked, if linguistic and behaviour models different from society to society is known.
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In this article, we put forward entomological source of word çıfıt, a Persian origin, meant in different meanings, especially in the light of Ottoman topologic records in Medieval and Newage Islamic geography, to point out Jews or to show a Jews settlement. This word has been used in three ways: 1. castles and residential districts formed by Jews in ancient times, 2. Outdoors of Jews habited in Moslem urbans and residential places, 3. Strong castles and islands used by pirates and bandits households in a time.
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The progress of fore palate and rear palate consonants /g/ used in Old Turkish period within Modern Turkish have attracted attention of Turkish Language researchers. But only general outline of rules were mentioned about them. In this article some specific cases of fore palate and rear palate consonants “g” which have been out of consideration of researchers are mentioned and their historical development throughout Old Turkish and Old Anatolian Turkish. Examples of construction affixes which include fore palate and rear palate consonants have been given from all historical written language of Turkish considering its functions of derivation from nouns or verbs.
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This article explores the model of language known as Organonmodel. The theory has historical value but the original ideas of Karl Bühler are a contribution to basic research on language. Bühler claims that functionality of language is one of three sources of human communication along with practical activity and social contact.
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The article analyzes the names of places which is incorporated in the lexical system of the Blagoevgrad speech. It presents the skins of male, female and neuter gender.
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The first known Slavonic grammatical treatise The Eight Parts of Speech survives in forty-three manuscripts, the two oldest of which (from the14th and 15th century respectively) belong to the Serbian, while all the others belong to the Russian redaction. Our study seeks to show that the text relies mostly (but not only) on The Art of Grammar by Dionysius Thrax and on his disciples. An analysis of the Slavonic grammatical terms and their Greek basis is followed by the translation of the text from Old Church Slavonic into contemporary Serbian furnished with necessary commentaries.
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Shaban Demiraj (1920- 2014) is one of the most well- known Albanian linguists. He is an author of a series of works from different areas of the Albanian linguistics. Demiraj was for a long time professor in the University of Tirana and the chief of the Department of the Albanian Language for 27 years (1962- 1989). His activity, as a university professor from 1955, in the first period was focused mainly on the morphology of ntemporary Albanian. His textbook about the Albanian morphology was in use for about two decades in Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia and brought forth important theoretical innovations concerning the explanation and the definition of the grammatical concepts and categories by bringing forward the characteristic aspects of the grammatical structures of the Albanian language, and thus setting aside several viewpoints borrowed from other languages. Besides, successful efforts were made in this text to better define the morphological norm of the literary Albanian, which was on the way of being crystallized in those years. The main domain of Demiraj’s activity is historical grammar of the Albanian language. After a long series of contributions on specific aspects, he wrote the synthetic work “Gramatikë historike e gjuhës shqipe” (Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language) (1986, 1166 p.), which has been highly appreciated regarding its method, its broad vision, the richness of the arguments and the personal achievements of the author. In this work, the continuity of the grammatical evolution of the Albanian language is followed and explained from its beginning up to nowadays, the linguistic and extralinguistic reasons for the loss of some inherited grammatical features and the appearance of new ones are investigated, and the evolution trends of the Albanian grammatical structure both as an Indo- European and Balkan languages are investigated. The multiple observations and the rich material collected systematically by Prof. Demiraj as a result of his research in the area of the historical grammar produced several important works, such as “Gjuha shqipe dhe historia e saj” (Albanian Language and his History) (1988; 2nd ed. 2013; an Italian version was published by the University of Calabria in 1997), “Fonologjia historike e gjuhës shqipe” (Historical Phonology of Albanian) (1996), “Gjuhësi ballkanike” (Balkan Linguistics) (Shkup, 1994; also published in Macedonian in the same year), which make up an original synthesis of the achievements of Albanian and foreign linguists in these areas. Such works as “Prejardhja e Shqiptarëve nën dritën e dëshmive të gjuhës shqipe” (1999); English version “The Origin of the Albanians (Linguistically Investigated)” (2006); “Epiri, Pellazgët, Etruskët dhe Shqiptarët” (“Epirus, Pelasgians, Etruscans and Albanians”) (2008) contain not only a reasoned summary of the actual state of art, but also the new contribution and visions of the author. His vast research and publication activity has rendered prof. Demiraj a well- known and highly appreciated scholar all over the Albanian world as well as in the international scientific world.
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The subdialect of Istog with the surroundings contains interesting material for inter-linguistic study and comparison, because, like other Albanian subdialects, by the passing of time and being in contact with Turkish, Serbian and other languages, had a borrowing relation with them. On the other hand, borrowings of Slavic and Turkish have provided opportunities for acquiring new lexical units, due to the presence of many word-forming tools, especially those suffixed. However, the impact of those languages in the phonetic, morphological, and syntax system of this language areal was not so strong. Collection of dialectic materials from Istog with the surroundings, their systematization and analysis is the evidence that enables the reconstruction of Albanian language history in these regions; therefore this task is of particular importance.
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A review on: Zofia Brzozowska, Święta księżna kijowska Olga — wybór tekstów źródłowych, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 2014 - chosen historical texts devoted to princess Olga.
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A preliminary overview of the abundant material of military terms from the earlier period of the written Lithuanian language allows some general conclusions and a few specific conclusions to be drawn on the subject.Old military terms reach a distant past and reflect the wars of the Grand Duchy of Lithuanian and Prussia with other countries. Military men and weaponry were named using special terms, which were quite frequently coming Irom Western European languages.Military terms are of a different age: the oldest are inherited from Indo-European (karas (war)) and Baltic parent language (kalavijas (sword)), the newer ones are not only own, but also borrowed terms. Lithuanian terms make a smaller part. Slavonicisms are more frequent borrowings (talking of which, they are also more frequent in sources from Lithuania Minor, at least from the earlier period), Germanisms are slightly less frequent.The comparison of the meanings of old and currently used military terms obviously illustrates semantic changes: not one term (karininkas (officer), karžygys (warrior), pulkininkas (colonel)) has gained a new meaning.It is topical to continue the research of military terms. That would reveal not only their history, but probably it could make the origin, word-formation and meaning development of modern Lithuanian military terms clearer.
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