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The article discusses the content and language aspects of two concepts - the politically correct language and hate speech. It outlines clear parallels between the concepts - speech categories, manipulative deliberate public strategies with recurrent character, language-reform policies and more.
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Assuming all teaching activity as a performative act with ethical implications, this article focuses on how traditional points of view about language still appear in handbooks, despite new anthropological as well as semiological theories. Regarding teaching of Spanish as a foreign language, the paper analyses several contemporaries textbooks, in order to conclude that most of them not only show structuralist views, but also a strong link between culture and language, with a biased Hispanocentrism (at least in books printed in Spain). Several of these out-of-date teaching discourses, however, still find their place in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, though some of its key points are communicative competence and the active protagonism of students.
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The purpose of this article is to present different activities which will aid Polish students who learn Spanish as well as for their teachers who will obtain an efficient tool to test the language abilities of their students. Furthermore, the activities will demonstrate cultural differences based on the student’s ethnographic attitude. All these activities which we offer are focused on the intercultural competence which should be an integral part of the educational process. In addition, the authors of the proposals give consideration to the notion of culture according to Geert Hofstede and his model of dimensions, which they analyse and describe comparing Spanish and Polish languages.
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Joanna Przyklenk in her article devoted to the relations between historical linguistics and sociolinguistics focuses on three main issues. Firstly, she presents several ideas that are common to both disciplines. Secondly, the strong link between historical and social attitude in linguistics is considered in the shape of historical sociolinguistics, subdiscipline whose beginnings are dated back to 1980s in the West. In the paper its roots, theoretical background and the current state of research are discussed. Thirdly, the author takes an attempt to characterize the contemporary Polish studies, trying to describe these works in the context of the foregoing periodizations of the Polish studies on language history. Detecting an inspiration in historical sociolinguistics for Polish-oriented investigation, she points out these areas of diachronic enquiry that thanks to socio-lingual view could develop historical linguistics itself.
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The paper presents the lexical archaisms selected from material collected of the linguistic research carried out at the very Grodno region in 2015, the areas of concentration of the Polish nobility from the area of the Indura city (“szlachta zaindurska”). These tokens non-users in modern literary Polish language, including dialects unmarked in dictionaries, which testifies to the uniqueness of the dialects. Some tokens are not marked in any historical source language.
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The text discusses the diachronic aspect of regional studies placed at the boundary between the history of language and dialectology. The author presents how the two fields interact and intermingle, which is particularly visible in the context of the regional past as well as the linguistic and cultural specificity of regions. Applying the methods of diachronic linguistics to dialectology and using dialectology in the studies on the history of the language enables to create a multifaceted picture of linguistic phenomena and explain their cultural contexts.
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The progress of historical research, new interpretation of socio-political events and cultural changes form new premises dissertating for the necessity of creating a new synthesis of the history of the Polish language in Silesia. Thus far noted compendia do not clarify the historical background of the modern linguistic changes taking place in contemporary Silesia. In the article, the author presented the basic methodological assumptions of the proponed synthesis. Description of the issues should focus on two axes. The first one is the evolution of the normalized polish language that is settled in official usage and Silesian writing. This variation is characterized by canon import, system and stylistic archaisms and the development’s irregularity. The latter axis of the description focuses on the issue of the evolution of Silesian dialects in the systematic and functional aspect. The Silesian polish language developed under specific conditions – domination of two languages: Czech and German in particular. Therefore the matters connected with the linguistic policy of the countries, which boarders were Silesian, as well as with the formation of linguistic awareness of Silesians and linguistic changes being the result of postwar immigration will be discussed. The implied range of the description taking into consideration Silesian multiculturalism demand a specified methodological approach. The author formulates some rules that enable to meet those demands. Moreover, he discusses some specific issues such as the cognitive and material values of the studies published in recent years, issues connected with periodization of the historical events, and the canon of sources. The synthesis will be closed by the discussion of the discourse about the Silesian language status that last since the 1990s.
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Private correspondence is a valuable source e.g. for the purpose of studying the dynamism of relationships between the standardized form of a language and the non-standard varieties. An analysis orientated on quantitative phenomena and based on the Corpus of Private Correspondence [HLADKÁ a kol. 2005] strives to find out how the features characteristic of spoken language used in informal private letters affect the traditional correlation of written form and standard language, which substandard means of expression are more acceptable and less acceptablein this borderline type of written texts and especially to what extent using substandard means of expression in private correspondence depends on the territorial background of the author. Attention is paid to elements from the spheres of phonology and morphology, the main focus being on the differences between Czech, Moravian and Silesian usage. Results of this analysis also contribute to discussions that are currently taking place in present-day Czech linguistics and sometimes lacking a basis of this kind, namely to discussions concerning the extent to which Common Czech expanding to the eastern part of the Czech territory and also to discussions concerning territorial differences in the spectrum of functions of the standard language. Other aspects are taken into considerationas well, namely sociolinguistic aspects, such as the influence of gender, age and education on the choice of means of expression.
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The language contact in Andean region introduced into local Spanish some phenomena nonexistent in standard Spanish. One of the grammatical categories in regional native languages that found their place in Andean Spanish is the evidentiality. The aim of this paper is to analyse some expressions and constructions present in Andean Spanish that have evidential meanings, namely some forms of the verb decir (“say”), the pluperfect, and the synthetic future. Their use is exemplified and put in correlation with functionally similar forms in Quechua. An attempt is made to determine their origin and whether they are grammatical evidentials or just evidential extensions of other categories. In particular, a special attention to an explanation of the basic concepts relevant to evidentiality has been paid in the introductory section. In conclusion, a grammaticalised particle (dice, dizque, “says”) was introduced in Andean Spanish, and the verbal system of Spanish was restructured in order to permit grammatical evidentiality marking; this has occurred as a result of transference from native languages.
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The Slavic loanwords in the European Spanish slang can be divided into two groups: in the first one we can find the frequent Slavisms (esclavo, pistola, vampiro) that, apart from the primary meaning, created another one, that is used in slang or that served as the basis for generating new words by means of derivation or as part of Spanish slang idioms. The second group, in turn, contains words and expressions that were introduced into the Spanish slang via the caló language spoken by Spanish Romani.
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European political themes in the 21st century are overwhelmingly dominated by concerns about the nature of national identity, the role of Islam in democratic society, and the impact of immigrants and their descendants on the perceived cultural homogeneity among the majority of EU countries (Modood, 2013; Meer & Modood 2013; Joppke, 2007; Crul et al., 2012; Akgönül, 2009). The immigration policies of the European Union have been critical towards immigrant populations in the sense that policies have been inconsistent and heavily focused on assimilationist processes.
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Bulgaristan Türkleri ve dilleri üzerinde yapılan çok önemli çalışmalar bulunmakla birlikte (Günşen 2002, Şimşir 2012, Yalınkılıç 2014), Bulgaristan’dan Türkiye’ye göç eden topluluğun toplum-dilsel durumu hakkında henüz özgün bir çalışma mevcut değildir. Oysa hem nüfus, hem de bazı dilsel ve sosyal özellikleri bakımından, Bulgaristan Türk Göçmenlerinin Türkiye’deki toplum-dilsel durumlarının gözlemlenmesi, göç ve dil sorunsalı çerçevesinde ortaya çıkan birçok soruya yanıt bulmak için yararlı veriler sunabilir. Göç sonucu ortaya çıkan çok dillilik nasıl biçimlenir ve nasıl düzenlenmelidir? Göç öncesi toplum-dilsel davranışlar göç ortamında sürdürülebilir mi yoksa yeni koşullara uyarlanır mı? Göç kaynaklı dil değinimi, göçmen topluluğun dil kullanımı ve pratiklerini nasıl ve ne düzeyde etkiler? Yeni toplum-dilsel koşullar, toplum-dilsel davranışları ve dillerin yapısını ne ölçüde etkiler? Dil, kimlik ilişkisi çerçevesinde göçmen toplulukların kültürel aidiyetleri nasıl biçimlenir veya belirlenir? Dil değinimi durumunda dillerden birinin veya bazılarının yok olması kaçınılmaz mıdır? Eğer kaçınılmaz ise, bu dil her zaman göçmenlerin dili mi olur?
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Toplumsal olgular ve yaşanmışlıklar, toplumsal psikolojiyi derinden etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle, yapılan araştırmalarda görülmektedir ki; en eski edebi türlerden biri olan masallar, toplumsal hafızanın yeni nesillere aktarılma yollarından en güçlü olanıdır. Bu çalışmada, dinamik olan ve sürekli etkileşime maruz kalan masalların, göç ile ilişkilendirilerek edebiyattaki etkisi irdelenmektedir. Böylelikle, masalların dil ve yaşanmışlıklar açısından gösterdikleri farklılık önemsenmekte, kıyaslanmakta ve dilin, göç ile birlikte nasıl evrim geçirdiği ve fiziksel olarak yaşanan göç esnasında aslında dil göçünün de yaşandığını göstermek amaçlanmaktadır.
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After their migration throughout the decade of 1920s, Pomak people underwent numerous cultural changes, especially in their languages. Being an endangered minority language, Pomak is a Slavic language which demonstrates a reciprocal effect with Turkish language in western parts of Turkey. Upon considering the current danger that Pomak is facing extinction, it would be beneficial to analyze the lexical and morphological differences in the Pomak language amongst the areas where Pomak minorities live. So as to gain necessary data three villages -Tayfur, Çanakkale; Toybelen, Balıkesir; Armağan, Kırklareli - in the Northwestern part of Turkey have been visited and Pomak people are firstly asked to translate fifty basic sentences, and later they are interviewed about the current status of Pomak in the area. Obtained translations have been recorded, and their morphological and vocal similarities and differences have been identified and analyzed. Collecting the data, the effect of Turkish on Pomak is analyzed from a perspective of language ecology. This study is intended to supply linguistic information on Pomak and to help create ways to avoid an undesired extinction of such a colorful language.
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In ethnic households, concern for children is the leading factor pushing parents to speak the official language to ensure their children’s success in public schools, especially with the thought, “we never wish them to go through what we went through in the past.” In the official discourses, Turkishness has been superior over other ethnic identities since the 1920s: the language rights of the Jewish, Greeks, and Armenians living in Turkey have been guaranteed by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne; however, the government recognizes only these three non-Muslim groups as minorities. Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu (the Law of Unification of Education) implemented in March 1924 is also part of the strategy for achieving national unity and integrity by Turkifying all ethnic groups in Anatolia. In 1934, İskân Kanunu (The Settlement Law) was supposedly passed to address new arrangements for migration and population issues; however, these “arrangements” were obviously reflecting a monolingualistic approach, and the Law directly targeted assimilating the Kurds and their language (Beşikçi, 1991).
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Analysing population patterns and behaviour of ethnic groups in Turkey is a challenge due to paucity of reliable data drawn upon representative samples as well as overall very sensitive political context. However, the ethnic differences in Turkey’s demography are significant as in many other multi-ethnic countries. Due to rapid urbanisation and violent ethnic conflict in the second half of the 20th century, Turkey has seen a major geographic shift of population which has also resulted in changes in ethnic mix of populations across regions. In this study, we aimed at mapping out these shifts. Nevertheless, finding the appropriate proxy to measure ethnic patterns is difficult as there has been no census or major survey data detailing language use published since the 1965 Turkish census while ethnic identity, as such, has been never been openly asked for in any census or major survey. Historically, mother tongue in surveys and censuses have been used as a proxy of ethnicity. However, we have first analysed a relatively recent survey data to raise concerns about the use of language as ethnic marker. Hence, we opted to utilise second language use as well as parental language besides birth-region as ethnic markers instead of mother tongue/main language as over the years Turkish has become the most commonly used language among the Kurds in Turkey.
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The authors give careful thought to selected digital “memorial sites” dedicated to distinguished creators of culture, literature and art (and collected under the banner of the KARTA Centre Foundation), such as Witold Lutosławski, Józef Gosławski, Agnieszka Osiecka, Wisława Szymborska, Pola Negri, Jerzy Grzegorzewski or Zofia Rydet. The overview of the collected material has assumed a search for (non)normative biographies, i.e. multi-modal, “patchwork,” “moving” biographies, as well as a confrontation of the observed patterns with well-established modes in biographical writing. What is more, the authors noted the liminal, borderline characteristics of the approaches, styles, genres etc. used today for various discursive practices that evoke or shape the images of the past. The conducted analyses, which have inscribed themselves into the stream of reflections on the phenomenon of the social archive and which are discursively and genologically oriented (cf. the assumptions and research methods of memory linguistics referred to in the text), have provided answers to, among others, the following specific questions: who the social actors reflected in the mirror of biographical archives (i.e. the creators and recipients of archives) are and what are their motivations; which people (and why these particular ones) are commemorated there, as well as through the prism of which objects a person’s profile is built.
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The purpose of this article is to give further details about the concept of cultureme (the culture-bound term or phrase), its definition and semantic field. The significance of this term in the theory of the cultureme and in the theory of linguistic transfer, in the sociology of culture and in sociolinguistics offers the opportunity to set the semantic limits of cultureme and to identify its significance in translation studies. The binary opposition cultureme-translation unit, cultureme-connotation, cultureme-neologism etc. is thought to be a powerful tool to elucidate the fundamental characteristic of the cultureme: monoculturality and its relative autonomy of translation. A classification of the culturemes is suggested to facilitate the translation process and to choose the most appropriate method of translation.
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This article examines the problem of intercultural competence’ formation at the students in the process of initial pedagogical training. The author considers the problem of intercultural competence’s formation from the standpoint of the task approach, as one of the modern ones, ensuring the formation of all the constituent components of intercultural competence. This approach is ensured by the practical implementation and development of necessary knowledge, skills, and value attitudes as a basic component of intercultural competence
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This article examines the advertisements in the German-language newspapers of Osijek Slavonische Presse and Die Drau in the late 19th and early 20th century. At that time, the German language was considered the “prestigious language” of the upper classes of the society of Osijek and it took on the role of a link between different ethnic groups. Along with the newspaper Die Drau, the newspaper Slavonische Presse represents one of the most important German-language newspapers, in which, among other things, mono- and bilingual advertisements were published. These were examined qualitatively in the present pilot study, and it was concluded that the advertisements reflect the status of the German language and allow interesting conclusions to be drawn about the linguistic and cultural landscape of Osijek of that time.
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