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Pitfalls of Participatory Approaches

Author(s): Marek Czyżewski / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Over recent decades, “participation” has become one of the leading mottos of reform-oriented movements in such diverse fields as democracy, technology, finance, management, mass media, culture, social research methodology and, last but not least, social work. Before our eyes the “change of function” (in the terminology of Karl Mannheim) has taken place: what in the sixties and seventies was an incorporation of subversive and alternative tendencies, has been absorbed step by step in mainstream discourses on politics, economy, social science and the helping professions. The discursive dominance of participatory ideas can be manifested when they constitute a prominent message in recent handbooks in the fields mentioned above or provide apparently self-evident justifications in typical applied research projects. This trend needs to be reflected upon if we are not to succumb to the self-destructive potential of participatory approaches.

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Social Structure

Author(s): Alex N. Dragnich / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In order to gain a clear understanding of the social structure of the Yugoslav state, the origins of South Slav society and its subsequent evolution must be examined. Two points should be borne in mind: first, Yugoslav society is now and always has been predominantly rural; second, social relations are based primarily on ancient Slavic traditions as modified by the codes of the medieval kings.

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Changements de la structure sociale de la Pologne rurale entre 1991 et 2015

Author(s): Maria Halamska / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The article presents changes in the socio-occupational structure of rural Poland over the period of 25 years (1990‒2015), which includes the post-communist transformation and the first decade of its membership in the European Union. During this period, major changes took place in the rural social structure, predominantly as a result of the following three processes: 1. depeasantization / desagrarianization, due to which the share of farmers decreased from 46% to 26%, which means they lost their dominant position in the social structure of Polish villages, 2. proletarianization, as a result to which the share of laborers increased from 33% to 45%, which means that they became the dominant socio-occupational group in rural areas, 3. bourgeoization, i.e. an increase in the share of representatives of occupational groups representing the middle class from 15% to 28%, due to which it became a significant social actor in rural areas. Those processes occurred with divergent dynamics; what is noteworthy here is the pace of bourgeoization/gentrification and depeasantization/desagrarianization. The pace of change was faster during the post-communist transformation. It was territorially diversified which resulted in creation of various local types of social structure. Changes in the social structure in this period took place in line with the universal pattern of developed Western countries, and their specificity lies in simultaneous rather than successive occurrence of these processes. The empirical base is data from representative sociological studies (grouping of occupations according to ISCO-08 classification): Polish General Social Survey for 1992 and Social Diagnosis for 2003 and 2015.

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Le « choix » d’une localisation résidentielle en zone périurbaine : une analyse par les trajectoires sociales

Author(s): Josette Debroux / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

In the 1970s, peri-urban areas became the preferred location of the ‘new middle classes’. Those were the new professions, particularly in the fields of health and education, which appeared with the development of the welfare state. In peri-urban areas they could put into practice a ‘cultural model’ based on the living environment, sociability and involvement in local life. In the 1990s, in a transformed economic context, the image of the burgeoning 'middle classes' gave way to that of the downgraded, 'inward-looking' and 'weakened' 'middle classes'. The residential environment appears to constitute a point of stability to offset work uncertainty. Biographical interviews conducted with about forty individuals employed in two peri-urban communes in the Grenoble region which they do not originally come from, show that as a result of their life trajectory they share an ambivalent relationship with the group they belong to, despite diversity of their social positions. Broadly speaking, moving to a peri-urban area can consolidate a 'fragile' social position following upward social mobility that makes a new position uncertain or compensate for an unsatisfactory professional identity in case of a downgrade or interrupted upward mobility.

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Les stratégies de la vie quotidienne des agriculteurs polonais

Author(s): Zbigniew Drąg / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The article raises the issue of the quality of life of Polish farmers in the context of ongoing globalization processes. Globalization brings with it new phenomena and processes that reorganize human lives and may be perceived as threats and challenges. Does the increased sense of threats and challenges of globalization worsen the quality of one’s live, defined in subjective terms as mental well-being? The author analyzes the above issue, referring to the results of a study conducted in 2017 on a representative sample of 3,551 family farmers. Mental well-being is analyzed with reference to general life satisfaction, sense of optimism, social support, and internal harmony; in turn, the threats and challenges of globalization are studied in the context of one’s work, finances, cultural life and other spheres. It turns out that an increase of threats and challenges as perceived by farmers was accompanied by enhanced mental well-being. The decisive factors here were the strategies adopted by farmers to control globalization changes: active v passive (avoidance). Assuming that knowledge about globalization threats and challenges is an important way to control them, adaptive activism (related to the disposition of actively obtaining information about new situations) was adopted as an indicator of an active strategy. In turn, recognition of emotional religiosity as an indicator of an avoidance strategy resulted from an assumption that the consequence of the inability to control changes based on a rational factor may be turning to a transcendent factor as providing hope for protection against something new and incomprehensible. Both types of responses could be used by farmers simultaneously, depending on the situation. Thanks to this, their psychological well-being has not decreased in the conditions of globalization changes.

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Green Technology and Environmental Health

Author(s): Claudia Veronica Ungureanu,Alina Florentina Săracu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter by Claudia-Veronica Ungureanu and Alina-Florentina Saracu discusses the importance of green technology in addressing global challenges such as climate change, population growth, environmental pollution, and the depletion of natural resources. It emphasizes the role of green technology in sustainable development, highlighting its benefits for the environment, economy, and public health. The chapter explores various green technologies, including renewable energy, green building construction, and sustainable agricultural practices. It also examines the potential of green technology to improve the quality of life, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and promote economic growth through innovation and investment.

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Miasta a efekt cieplarniany w świetle współczesnych ustaleń naukowych

Author(s): Krzysztof Fortuniak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Cities responsible for over 70% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are also areas with a high mitigation potential. The search for specific solutions enabling a significant reduction of GHG emissions in urban areas is therefore of key importance in the global pro-climate policy. One of the tools for this purpose may be discussions within the citizens’ assembly. The developed solutions, in order to be effective, must be consistent with the current state of knowledge. Therefore, the undertaken study provides basic information on the greenhouse effect and the role of individual greenhouse gases, methods for determining emissions from the city area and the characteristics of the urban climate. Particular attention was paid to the dangers resulting from the insufficiently thorough interpretation of the results obtained with the use of various GHG inventory methods. In terms of urban climate, the differences between the classic urban heat island regarding the air temperature in the city and the surface temperature obtained from satellite imagery were highlighted. The impact of the city on the precipitation and wind field was also characterized. Finally, urban strategies for mitigating climate change were discussed.

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Miasta w dobie wyzwań zmieniającego się klimatu

Author(s): Agnieszka Rzeńca,Tomasz Jurczak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Cities are the largest contributors to pollution, which ultimately leads to climate change on a global scale. The negative, environmental, effects of cities are becoming so acute that they are mobilizing local authorities, but also citizens themselves, to take active measures. Sustainable urban development is becoming a necessity and requires the implementation of innovative instruments and solutions and the creation of an urban climate policy. An extensive review of the literature on the subject and a search of key international and national documents made it possible to outline a broad perspective on the conditions and determinants of contemporary urban development in the era of challenges caused by climate change.

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Partycypacja społeczna na rzecz miasta neutralnego klimatycznie

Author(s): Anna Wasiak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents social participation as a concept that is still new and yet developing very dynamically. In parallel with the development of the approach of cooperation and joint decision-making between local authorities and the local community, there are overlapping processes that have not yet existed in the awareness, and therefore in the debate. Climate threats, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, drought, and weather anomalies are issues so far beyond the sphere of action of local authorities. Cooperation, cooperation and co-decision-making with residents require the development of social and climate participation tools.

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Panel obywatelski jako instrument włączenia mieszkańców w sprawy miasta

Author(s): Kamil Brzeziński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The last decade has been a period of growing popularity of public participation and innovative instruments for involving residents in co-decision processes. Processes inspired by the concept of deliberative democracy are increasingly being used in practice. One of such mechanism is the citizens’ assemblies, which are willingly being utilized by local authorities in large Polish cities. The article aim is to synthetically present the idea of a citizen assembly and to analyse its potential strengths and drawbacks as an instrument to involve citizens in decision-making processes.

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Kapitał naturalny miast w łagodzeniu skutków antropogenicznej zmiany klimatu

Author(s): Kinga Krauze,Tomasz Jurczak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Natural capital plays a key role in mitigating the effects of climate change in cities. It includes all resources of nature, ecosystems as such and the ecological processes that occur within them. We use a percentage of nature’s potential in the form of goods (food, fossil resources, water) as well as services, e.g. soil formation, pollination, climate regulation. The share of goods and services used by humans is called ecosystem services. In a city, natural capital is formed by fields, meadows and forests as well as parks, squares and common lawns, in addition to water bodies. Green spaces help to absorb carbon dioxide, improve air quality and reduce the urban heat island effect. They thus improve the living conditions of residents while reducing the risks associated with phenomena such as droughts, heat and flooding. The risks arise not only directly from weather conditions, but also from a number of adverse feedbacks. Prolonged droughts, for example, result in increase in airborne allergens. Green areas through increasing air humidity, prevent dust formation and bind particles due to the increased roughness of the substrate and the structure of leaves and greenery (density, size, stratification, individual characteristics of species). Green areas also influence the water cycle. Plants use water, capture rainfall it in their crowns, their roots improve infiltration, mulch increases the water holding capacity of the soil. Ecosystem services depend on the health of nature as measured, among other things, by biodiversity. Strengthening public awareness of the importance of natural capital and the impact of human activities on the environment is therefore a prerequisite for sustainable urban development.

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Zrównoważona mobilność w miastach – wyzwania i perspektywy

Author(s): Szymon Wójcik / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This chapter aims to discuss perspectives for shaping urban mobility in the context of climate change and to identify solutions that reduce urban emissions in the transportation sector. The environmentally harmful externalities generated by motorized transport, as revealed by current scientific research, are discussed. Subsequently, the developmental status of selected Polish cities’ sustainable transport solutions is characterized. Data analysis indicates upward trends in expanding dedicated bus lanes, developing public bicycle roadnetworks, constructing Park & Ride facilities, and increasing popularity of electric scooters. These positive trends are contrasted with a consistent increase in motorization ratios within the analyzed cities, posing a challenge for emissions reduction within their boundaries. The chapter concludes with recommendations for urban transport policies that promote sustainable mobility.

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Miejska gospodarka o obiegu zamkniętym

Author(s): Agnieszka Sobol / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

One of the strategic directions of the development of modern cities is a circular economy (CE). The circular economy is a way of conducting social and economic processes oriented towards resource efficiency and minimization of waste production. Its effect is low-carbon emissions contributing to building climate neutrality. The complex approach to the development of the circular economy includes responsible and economical management of resources and their repeated use in the process of exchange or change of use. The multifaceted approach requires linking technological and organizational changes with economic and social impact mechanisms as well as continuous ecological education. The key area of circular economy is the partnership and cooperation of many local entities. An import- ant role in coordinating the development of the urban circular economy is played by local governments, which should actively and on an ongoing basis initiate, support and promote activities for its development. At the same time, these are the inhabitants who are the real agents of change toward the circular economy. Ultimately, it is their awareness and attitudes that contribute to its realization.

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Budownictwo zrównoważone w mieście – oszczędność i racjonalizacja

Author(s): Daniel Tokarski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the study is to systematize knowledge about the rationalization of construction in Poland. Based on the literature review, the author identifies guidelines and indicates all regulations regarding the design of energy-efficient buildings, with particular emphasis on the legal conditions for energy performance, thermal modernization and energy audits of buildings. The text introduces the theories of low-energy, sustainable and ecological construction and shows that properly planned and implemented investments can meet legal requirements and reduce operating costs, without sacrificing comfort of use. The publication combines an interdisciplinary approach from the areas of engineering and technical sciences and social sciences.

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Energetyka w mieście wczoraj, dziś i jutro

Author(s): Jacek Biskupski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author analyses the paths of societal participation in the energy transition in Germany and the Netherlands, comparing them to the situation in Poland. He analyses energy development in Poland, taking into account scenarios realised in Germany and the Netherlands. He describes several experiments with the application of RES in cities in these three countries, which leads to conclusions on the necessity to undertake a broad social debate on the future of energy in Poland.

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Inicjatywy obywatelskie łodzian na rzecz neutralności klimatycznej miasta

Author(s): Anna Wasiak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The Anthropocene is not yet a known term for the geological era in which we live. Many scientific communities are calling for the adoption of this name, which would not only mean recognizing that predatory human activity has influenced the bad situation of our planet like never before. It would also mean official recognition of responsibility for the dramatic situation of loss of diversity. It should also be recognized that it is man as the perpetrator who should be responsible for stopping, but also partially reversing the trend. As modern individuals, we have no influence on shaping the policies of states and global corporations. However, we have a tangible impact on stopping the destruction and working for our local biodiversity. The article is an attempt to present what civic initiatives are undertaken by the inhabitants of Lodz.

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Łódzki Panel Obywatelski „Zieleń w mieście” – jak rozwijać partycypację społeczną, gdy kryzysy nawarstwiają się?

Author(s): Agata Burlińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article is an analysis of the process of the I Lodz Citizens Assembly “Greenery in the City” in the context of the two crises that were piling up when it was conducted in 2020: the climate crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. While the climate crisis was the subject of this deliberation process, the pandemic posed a challenge in terms of the conduct and organization of the process itself. The purpose of this article is to show the added value from conducting this process, taking into account (1) the way in which the first Lodz Citizens Assembly was organized, (2) the merits of the panel – in terms of the selection of themes and the recommendations developed, and (3) the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on both the way the panel was conducted and its substantive results. In the conclusions, recommendations were given to the public sector for the implementation of citizen assemblies on issues related to the climate crisis as well as the development of public participation during a crisis such as the pandemic.

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„W jaki sposób zredukować szkodliwą emisję gazów cieplarnianych na terenie Łodzi o 55% do 2030 roku?” –II Łódzki Panel Obywatelski w praktyce

Author(s): Tomasz Jurczak,Agnieszka Rzeńca / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the last few years, two citizens’ assemblies have been held in Lodz, focusing on the mitigation and adaptation of the city to climate change, and consequently, improving the quality of life for the residents of Lodz. The first panel addressed greenery in the city, while the second focused on finding answers to the question, “How to reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions in Lodz by 55% by 2030?”. This chapter highlights the key conditions and determinants of the implementation of the 2nd Lodz Citizens’ Assembly, from the planning stage through execution to completion. As a result, the chapter should provide practical knowledge and inspiration for city leaders and authorities to conduct social participation processes using citizens’ assemblies as a tool of urban policy.

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Wnioski i refleksje wynikające z ewaluacji II Łódzkiego Panelu Obywatelskiego

Author(s): Kamil Brzeziński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In recent years, two thematically related citizens’ assemblies have been implemented in Lodz, focusing on the mitigation and adaptation of the city to climate change, and consequently, improving the quality of life for its residents. The first panel addressed greenery in the city, while the second focused on finding answers can the question: “How to reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions in Lodz by 55% by 2030?”. This chapter presents and discusses the key results of the evaluation survey conducted with the participants of II ŁPO. The objective of this chapter is to provide practical knowledge and enrich the experiences of cities authorities in conducting social participation processes, utilizing the citizens’ assembly as an instrument of urban policy.

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Pamięć miasta utraconego – misteryjna semantyka Wilna w Dziadach Adama Mickiewicza

Author(s): Maria Kalinowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

There is an indissoluble connection between Part III of Forefathers’ Eve and Vilnius where the drama unfolds. Forefathers’ Eve is a text of the city, just as the city is a text of Forefathers’ Eve.These ties between the city and Mickiewicz’s drama pose a hermeneutic and interpretational challenge for scholars studying the Romantic period. The author of the arti- cle invokes various interpretations of Vilnius, including those expressed in terms of the semiotics of the city and geopoetics. Particular inspiration for this research comes from Mieczysław Limanowski’s works in cultural studies. A geology professor and co-founder of the Reduta Theatre, he used the category of “mystery-play spirit” to present an inter- pretation of the text of Vilnius that resonates with the vision of Vilnius presented in Part III of Forefathers’ Eve. As in the historical mystery-play theatre, events unfold simultane- ously here, taking place in different places at the same time, but are bound by the linear development of the main theme: the fate of the prisoners and their martyrdom, and, in a theatrical sense through the participation of the audience/witnesses, who are conscious of events on the city’s stage.

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