FRANCHISING IN CROATIA – YESTERDAY, TODAY AND TOMORROW

Author(s): Aleksandar Erceg / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Strategic alliances, joint ventures, and franchising are established by contract between at least two independent companies as part of their strategy for growth and expansion. Franchising is one of the oldest methods, often used in developed countries. The use of franchising as a growth strategy has significantly increased in Europe and the US in recent years. As both parties in a franchising relationship are economically interdependent, but legally dependent (Michael, 2000), franchising as an organizational form can be looked at from a legal and an economic perspective and as a possible alternative for the integration of production and distribution undertakings in a single organization (Emmerson, 1990).

FRANCHISING IN POLAND – PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE

Author(s): Marta Ziółkowska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The current franchise model of enterprise development has evolved for centuries. Franchising in its contemporary form was initially developed in the American market, but owing to its universality, this model has gained supporters among entrepreneurs all over the world. Today, it is successfully applied in Poland, where nearly 1,2000 networks, both in the trade and services sectors, follow this model of development. This is so even though franchising is not regulated in detail by law in Poland, and the franchise agreement operates as an innominate contract in the legal order. The legal framework underlying franchise relationships is anchored in various regulations, in particular, those devoted to combating unfair competition.

FRANCHISING IN HUNGARY – THE BEGINNING, THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE

Author(s): Katalin Mandel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Before the political transition, franchising was an unknown business model, but it became very popular in the ’90s and at the beginning of 21st century. The word franchising also seemed very attractive to Hungarian entrepreneurs, even a book was published with the title: Franchising is the entrepreneurs’ secret weapon? Many experts thought this could be the solution for several problems of our economy. Many networks started to use the word for their systems, without following the real ethical rules of franchising, because they could easily find investors. Even nowadays we can find Google AdWords promotion with the slogan: Join our system, no franchise fees, no royalty! Therefore, education about this business model is still very important. There are many good examples to follow in the franchise sector, not only international, but Hungarian ones as well.

FRANCHISING IN SLOVENIA – IERI, OGGI & DOMANI

Author(s): Igor Pavlin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Foreign franchising emerged in Slovenia during the 1980s. Afterwards, it continued in various forms. The eighties of the twentieth century were the years when the common state began to fall apart. However, these were the years when Slovenia was the most developed republic of the Yugoslav federation, which included high levels of both exports and imports. One may observe three main fields where franchising first appeared. Car rentals, credit cards and hotels can be found in this group of imported franchise companies.

DEVELOPMENT OF FRANCHISING IN SERBIA

Author(s): Marica Vidanović,Tamara Kerković Milenković / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Small and medium enterprises and entrepreneurs (SMEs) are a significant segment of the Serbian economy: they make up 99.8% of total active enterprises, employ almost 2/3 employees in the non-financial sector and participate with 57.7% in the GDP of Serbia. Every tenth company exports goods or services. Research on this segment of the economy, such as the “1,000 Employers Survey” of the USAID Project for Better Business Conditions, shows that only a third of small and medium-sized enterprises cover the entire Serbia, which means that others are trading with nearby neighbors. Even though, small and medium-sized enterprises and entrepreneurs (SMEs) make up the most significant, most efficient and vital segment of the economy of the Republic of Serbia, bearing in mind their contribution to the increase in employment, gross added value and real turnover.

FRANCHISING BUSINESS MODEL IN THE MACEDONIAN ECONOMY

Author(s): Jovanka Damoska Sekuloska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Implementation of a variety of business models of internationalization contributes to overcoming the limited size of national markets. Today’s global competitiveness recognizes the necessity for qualitative and quantitative improvement of the process of internationalization of companies. The internationalization process is important as an enabler of national competitiveness and as a strategic option for businesses. As a process of integration in international activities, internationalization enables companies to expand their operating activities across the border of their national markets on the one hand and on the other, it determines and influences the market size of an economy as one of the determinants of competitiveness of economies. Organizations need to choose how to enter a market. Entry modes differ in the degree of resource commitment to a particular market, and the extent to which an organization is operationally involved in a particular location ( Johnson et al., 2008). The key entry mode types are: exporting, contractual arrangement through licensing and franchising; joint ventures and alliances, and foreign direct investment. By expanding its markets internationally, a firm can bypass limitations in the domestic market ( Johnson et al., 2005).

Charakterystyka pasażerów portów regionalnych

Author(s): Sonia Huderek-Glapska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Artykuł prezentuje badania pasażerów jako klientów portu lotniczego. Polskie dane uwidaczniane są na tle europejskim. Następnie autorka zajmuje się zagadnieniami zastosowania wyników badań w kształtowaniu oferty usług w porcie lotniczym, w planowaniu infrastruktury transportowej służącej dotarciu pasażerów do portu lotniczego, w określeniu obszaru oddziaływania portu lotniczego i zmian jego zakresu, w ocenie lojalności pasażerów wobec portu lotniczego, w kształtowaniu optymalnej struktury powierzchni handlowej w porcie i maksymalizacji przychodów pozalotniczych, a także w kształtowaniu siatki połączeń lotniczych.

Strategie rozwoju portów lotniczych w Polsce i na świecie

Author(s): Piotr Banaszyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Autor przedstawia zarys metodyki formułowania strategii przedsiębiorstwa, charakteryzuje strategie portów lotniczych (misja, strategiczne portfele działalności), by naświetlić strategiczne przesłanki konkurencyjności portów lotniczych.

Rovné příležitosti – dobrá nebo špatná investice?

Author(s): Hana Velíšková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Media relations

Author(s): Krzysztof Gołata / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Rozwój współczesnych technologii komunikowania społecznego stwarza ogromne wyzwanie zarówno dla nadawców, jak i odbiorców komunikatów medialnych. Z jednej strony nadawca informacji (np. przedsiębiorstwo) ma do dyspozycji coraz więcej możliwości dotarcia do swoich interesariuszy, z drugiej zaś – interesariusze mogą korzystać z informacji, których źródłem jest nie tylko konkretne przedsiębiorstwo, ale także szeroko rozumiana opinia publiczna. Tym samym powstaje szereg (często niezależnych od przedsiębiorstwa) kanałów informowania interesariuszy. Współczesne relacje instytucji lub organizacji z mediami nie sprowadzają się jedynie do szeroko rozumianego informowania opinii publicznej, ale także do wnikliwego analizowania i reagowania na wszelkiego rodzaju komentarze (często wzbogacane dodatkowymi informacjami) pojawiające się w sieci. Trudno w pełni zgodzić się z głoszonymi publicznie opiniami o zaniku dotychczasowych form kontaktów instytucji (np. przedsiębiorstw) z interesariuszami. Współczesne technologie z zakresu komunikowania nie przyczyniają się do wyeliminowanie znanych dotychczas form komunikowania, lecz nadają im inny charakter. Zmuszają one nadawców i odbiorców komunikatów medialnych do przewartościowania wielu pojęć, a nawet zmiany sposobu myślenia o wielu problemach związanych ze skutecznością komunikowania społecznego. Nowe wyzwania są immanentną cechą współczesnego społeczeństwa. Autor porządkuje ten trudny obszar. Wprowadza czytelnika w wieloaspektowość pojęcia media relations. Wylicza i omawia formy kontaktów z mediami. Zbiera zasady kontaktów z mediami. Objaśnia, jak na media relations wpływają portale społecznościowe. Opisuje też instytucję rzecznika prasowego.

Relacje inwestorskie

Author(s): Filip Kaczmarek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Autor koncentruje się na podstawowych zasadach funkcjonowania wyspecjalizowanej części public relations, jaką stanowią relacje z inwestorami. Zjawisko relacji inwestorskich występuje we wszystkich organizacjach, które mają charakter publiczny i posiadają prywatnych interesariuszy. Autor omawia pięć obszarów tematycznych. We wstępie przedstawia wąskie i szerokie definicje relacji inwestorskich oraz typologię podmiotów, których te relacje dotyczą. Pierwszy podrozdział jest poświęcony celom relacji inwestorskich, modelom realizacji tych celów i kluczowym zasadom oceny informacji, mających owe cele realizować. W podrozdziale drugim autor przedstawia adresatów działań podejmowanych w ramach relacji inwestorskich, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem akcjonariuszy i inwestorów. Multiplikatorzy opinii, istotni w perspektywie relacji inwestorskich, to temat trzeciego podrozdziału. Autor najwięcej uwagi poświęcił instrumentom relacji inwestorskich, opisanym w ostatnim, czwartym podrozdziale. Zalicza się do nich m.in. spotkania różnego typu, raporty, walne zgromadzenia akcjonariuszy i stronę internetową danej organizacji.

Lobbing

Author(s): Przemysław Deszczyński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

W pierwszej, teoretycznej części opracowania dokonano konceptualizacji pojęcia lobbingu, a następnie omówiono modele i rodzaje lobbingu. Druga część, praktyczna, poświęcona została lobbingowi w Polsce, jego instytucjonalizacji i problemom. Tekst zamyka podrozdział o polskich regulacjach prawnych dotyczących działalności lobbingowej, ujętych na tle regulacji obowiązujących w innych krajach.

Overview of the Case Studies

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Alvo Medical LLC on selected Asian markets

Author(s): Małgorzata Bartosik‑Purgat,Barbara Jankowska,Krzysztof Wąchnicki / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper presents Polish company ALVO MEDICAL (the producer and provider of solutions for hospitals and medical units, encompassing the equipment of operating theatres, surgical preparation rooms, treatment rooms, and many other hospital areas) and its strategies of entering the selected Asian markets.

China and USA: Trade war in the case of Huawei

Author(s): Piotr Bubrowski / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The author analyzes the China-US trade war in the case of Huawei by giving the Huawei company description, the history of conflict, the characteristics of the trade war image in Chinese media.

Концепцията за устойчив маркетинг през призмата на българската действителност

Author(s): Nadezhda Dimova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The dynamic business environment changes and imposes the emergence of different forms of marketing, transforms demand and supply, modifi es consumer behavior itself. Managers at different corporate levels face a number of challenges to address these changes and respond to the ever-increasing pressures of technology, and in particular, digitization in all areas of life. The development of sustainable marketing is a kind of response to any changes that include even those on the planet as a whole. Wonderful and worthy of respect is the example given by Bulgarian companies or those that enter the Bulgarian market.

Banking Products and Bank Risk Management of the World Bank

Author(s): Valeri Konicheva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the World Bank Group, which comprises the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), International Finance Corporation (IFC), Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). It includes details on the group's structure, locations, and a brief history. The World Bank offers a diverse range of financial products, including loans, risk management services, credit enhancement, disaster risk management insurance, contingent financing, and advisory services. The bank is exposed to several types of risks, including operational, and corporate risks, and financial risks. The bank is also exposed to risky events such as fraud, noncompliance, and losses. The World Bank Treasury manages the bank's activities and is responsible for Treasury Risk, Compliance, and Controls (TRERC). The World Bank is focusing on promoting sustainable development by addressing the root causes of poverty and inequality, such as lack of access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. By addressing these underlying factors, the bank aims to promote long-term resilience to risks and create sustainable and inclusive growth.

Предприемачество чрез изкуства и български фолклор

Author(s): Slavina Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Bulgarian folklore is vast, colorful and unique. Folk arts are beautiful, interesting, intriguing and melodious, this makes them a ground for creating an enterprise developing performing arts. Entrepreneurs developing similar businesses contribute to the preservation, enrichment and popularization of traditions and culture, part of the life and lifestyle of Bulgarians for millennia. At its most basic, the creative sector consists of those industries that rely on human creativity to generate wealth. The leader is the main driver and generator of a product, a vision in the future to achieve positive results. Intelligence and knowledge in a given field of art, as well as the creator's idea of a creative work, make him an innovator. This is a prerequisite for creating a new intellectual product, and hard work leads to the realization of this product. The experience and vision of the author are an important part of the necessary qualities to be able to present to the audience his point of view in the vast ocean called folklore. Every creative entrepreneur must have his own personal skills to develop, improve and manage his business correctly and willingly. Personal skills should include knowledge and skills to act in the creative industry that he is targeting, have leadership skills, knowledge of negotiation, which leads to being in contact with the team and the people with whom it is necessary to negotiate to reach its ultimate goal. Ensemble „Bulgare“ is a successful creative project that has become an emblem of Bulgarian folklore. It is distinguished by uniqueness and its own appearance. An example of an institution with very good management, self supporting, showing the creativity and flexibility of Hristo Dimitrov - entrepreneur and producer.

The legal issues of influencer marketing

Author(s): Jana Strémy / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The proliferation of social networks brings entrepreneurs (competitors) more ways of interaction with consumers. Marketing strategies of social networks are coming to the fore, developing new methods of influence(r) marketing. In the article, we deal with the issue of regulation of this phenomenon, questions of competition law and (non)transparent marketing practices of influencers, potentially harmful to consumers. The aim of this article is to demonstrate correlation between influencer’s practices and unfair competition in the legislation of Slovak Republic by using common scientific methods - analysis and synthesis.

Cross-Cultural Marketing Strategies: Bridging the Gap in International Management

Author(s): Brunela Trebicka / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper examines the role of cross-cultural marketing in international management and marketing, focusing on understanding consumer behavior and brand perception in diverse cultural contexts. Drawing upon the literature in the field, the study investigates the impact of cultural dimensions on consumer preferences, purchasing decisions, and brand perception. It explores effective strategies for adapting marketing efforts to accommodate cultural differences and foster customer engagement in international markets. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with marketing professionals. The findings emphasize the importance of aligning marketing communications with cultural values, employing localization strategies, and building authentic and emotionally resonant connections with consumers. Practical implications and recommendations are provided for firms operating in international markets. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge on cross-cultural marketing and provides insights to enhance marketing strategies in diverse cultural contexts.