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The aim of the article is the economic evaluation of the effects of interventionism on the agricultural land market in the light of the Austrian school of economics theories. The analysis refers mainly to the policy of forming the agricultural system, which constitutes a specialised type of a land allocation policy. The essence of the Austrian school economists’ view on interventionism boils down to the fact that it introduces coercion in place of voluntary cooperation. This leads to the redistribution of wealth and a general decline in social productivity.
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The global trends in the markets for bee products, as well as their competitors and substitutes are studied. The dimensions, the structure and the conjuncture of the international and the Bulgarian product markets for bee products are analyzed. The national factor markets and the markets for beekeeping production resources are investigated. Finally, the findings of the research conducted on the international and national markets for bee products are synthesized and conclusions are presented.
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In the paper we have started from the supposition that Croatian agricultural policy in its elements (policy objectives, measures and methods, stakeholders, results), has been transformed due to the impact of the world food market enlargement and economic globalization. Priorities, forms and dynamics of intervention have been changed, which was in the past decade enriched by a new dimension: the introduction of the concept of sustainable development of rural areas. The emphasis of the analysis is on the price and subsidy policy that makes up the skeleton of the agricultural policy during the entire analyzed period.
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Research background: The commitment to increasing the volume of agricultural production remains the main strategy for food supply in Ukraine. In fact, such an approach does not solve the problem of the limitation of food’s physical availability. It works quite the opposite way, as there is a guaranteed food loss and waste, worsened environmental situation and decreased level of economic availability of food. Purpose of the article: According to the results of the empirical study, the volume of food shortages has been determined as a result of food loss and waste, food surpluses in case of compliance with the rational consumption norms and zero food loss and waste, as well as potential social benefits from reducing food loss and waste. Methods: The research of the limitation of the physical availability of the different types of products as a result of food loss and waste was carried out according to the methodology developed by the authors. In particular, for the group of products in which the consumption deficit is established in a small number of regions — the main indicator is the "production surplus in the conditions when the rational consumption norms and zero food loss are met"; for the group of products in which the consumption deficit is established in the vast majority of regions — the main calculation indicators are the "production shortage in the conditions when the rational consumption norms and zero food loss are met" and the "specific gravity of the consumption shortage, which occurs as a result of food loss and waste". Findings & Value added: The obtained results are crucially important for shaping of the food security policy. Reducing of the food loss and waste has positive social consequences through the expansion of the physical availability of food, which, under other conditions, leads to greater economic availability of products, as well as contributes to the gender equality and poverty reduction for rural residents.
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The paper focuses upon the predictive validity of Chrastinová’s CH-Index and Gurčík’s G-Index devised for predicting financial distress of Slovak agricultural enterprises and confronts them with Altman's bankruptcy formula. Its aim is to verify whether these out-dated models preserve their usefulness in newer conditions of Slovak agribusinesses and whether they may be improved by redefining the cut-off points used in separating distressed and non-distressed enterprises. Using a data sample on Slovak agricultural enterprises for the period from 2009 until 2013, it is ascertained that the G-Index with redefined cut-off points may be tentatively recommended for financial distress prediction showing a balanced trade-off between distress and non-distress prediction accuracy.
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The increase in the production of agricultural products and food supplies in excess of regulatory needs and the provision of food safety in Russia led to the expansion of the export of agricultural products and the change in the course of the development of the agro-industrial complex from import substitution to export-oriented production. However, the entry to world food markets requires high quality of products from manufacturers and its certification in accordance with world standards. The article presents the organizational and economic transformations towards the greening of agro-industrial production, namely, the use of the resource potential, the involvement of Russian manufacturers in the production of environmentally friendly products and the development of organic agriculture; the mechanisms for solving the set problems are substantiated.
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The study presents analysis of supply chains for agricultural products in EU countries. Supply chains are sets of interrelated production and trade economic activities, carried out in a specific sequence. In the agrifood sector, the chains encompass activities carried out at the farm level and then continued during primary and secondary processing and distribution to final recipients. The aim of the article is to analyze diversity of economic results and changes in labour productivity dynamics in individual sectors of the supply chain in the EU member states in years from 2008 till 2016. The findings have shown that economic results of individual sectors in the supply chain of food products differ substantially both along the supply chain and between individual EU countries.
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In Nigeria, several advocacies have been raised in different fora over time thatagriculture is capable of reducing poverty in the country. An attempt to empiricallyvalidate the above argument has generated a policy mix in the literature. Therefore,further empirical investigation about this subject matter becomes imperative.Consequently, the study utilized the DOLS and Granger Causality Approach to addressthe objective of this study. However, the principal findings that emerged in this study areas follows: in the long run, there is a significant positive relationship between theemployment in agriculture and poverty level, inflation rate and poverty level have anegative relationship with each other. Meanwhile, agricultural output causes asignificant reduction in the poverty level. Also, one-way feedback relationship runs from agricultural output to the poverty level in the country. Based on the findings thatoriginated in this study, this paper makes the following recommendations for thepolicymakers, future researchers and all the stakeholders in the agricultural sector inNigeria that agricultural output has the capacity to reduce poverty level in the country.This implies that when poverty reduction is the target of the policymakers in the country,manipulating agricultural output will induce the reduction in poverty level in the longrun. Also the government should possess political goodwill to revamp agricultural sector.
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The inventions of the plant and animal varieties and essentially biological processes for the production of plants or animals are excluded from patentability. In view of plant varieties a sui iuris form of legal protection is available under the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). The aim of legal protection of new plant varieties under UPOV is promoting the development of improved plant varieties for the benefit of farmers, growers and consumers. Effective plant variety protection can open a door to economic development, particularly in the rural sector, providing an incentive for plant breeding in many different situations. The process for the production of plants or animals is essentially biological if it consists entirely of natural phenomenon such as crossing or selection. The exclusion does not apply to micro-biological processes or the products of such processes.
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In this study, the statistical significance of the selected independent variables that might be effective on the agricultural information sources preferences of the farmers in Şanlıurfa was investigated. In this context, face-to-face interviews were conducted with farmers who selected by a simple random sampling method and the obtained data were analyzed by a chi-square test in SPSS. According to the results, 94% of the farmers have access to information when they need it in their agricultural activities. It was determined that the most frequently applied institutions are public institutions by 34.6%, independent consultants by 26.2%, pioneer farmers by 22.4%, cooperatives by 13.1% and chambers of agriculture by 3.7%. The most important reason for this high rate is the expectations of the farmers to benefit from agricultural supports rather than production. There was a statistically significant difference between the age, land amount and educational level of the surveyed farmers and their preference for agricultural information resources, and the significance level was found to be p<1%. In addition to providing agricultural inputs, cooperatives and agricultural chambers, which are farmers' organizations, should also be sources of information. The results provide useful information to researchers and decision-makers on these issues.
More...Implementation of Agriculture Cadastre in an Administrative Territory
The importance of the general cadastre is that it provides the real-world data of a real-estate needed in all branches of the national economy. At the same time, the cadastre is a very important tool for market economy because it provides documents that give security to transactions that take place on the real estate market. The attributions of the agricultural cadastre are the basis for obtaining information on the quantity and quality of the land, serving as a purpose to solve financial problems such as investments, modernization, taxation and the other like this. The realization of the agricultural cadastre at national level is made by determining the parcel areas, taking into account the land use categories, the holders, the owners, the forms of exploitation and the administrative territories, this thing being possible by drawing up the agricultural cadastral plan and the writable cadastral documentation based on technical norms and instructions.
More...The Analysis of the Cartographical Materials Accuracy in Order to GIS Implementation in Agricultural Cadastre of Moldova Republic
In this article it was effectuated analysis of cartographical material altimetry and planimetric raising results accuracy in order to elaborate the Geographical Information System (GIS) on the territory of Republic of Moldova. The topical interest of the present study is conditioned by the implementation of the Geographical Information System (GIS) in different activities such as: the creation of information system of agricultural cadastre (ISAC), agricultural sector subvention, land fund and localities space administration, exploitation of city networks.These activities are at the initiation stage and because of this the problem may be solved only through an ample preparation of the specialists as well as a detailed analysis of the database that will be used later.
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A comprehensive approach is proposed in order to link the effects of the impacts of climate change on the average yields and the economic development of fruit production. Based on the available data on the characteristics of the South-Eastern region of Bulgaria and the main fruit crops grown there, a methodology for forecasting the average yields of apples, pears, peaches, nectarines and various sorts of apricots and plums is developed and tested, taking into account the changes in the climate. Based on the established empirical relationships between the average yields of crops and the climatic factors on which they depend, the expected yields by 2050 and the area required for growing each crop are predicted. The opportunities for fruit production are revealed. The levels of production and investment required for it are determined and their efficiency is examined.
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A technology revolution is needed to overcome the problem of food self-sufficiency in agriculture, i.e. a smart chip audio organic growth system (SC-AOGS). The objective here is to design, produce, and apply the SC-AOGS to rice (Oryza sativa) crops. The SC-AOGS exposes audio sound of local insects to the crops and triggers the opening of stomata so that the plants are able to absorb sunlight. The results show that better yields of crops under SC-AOGS exposure are obtained, the best yields are obtained at 4000 Hz, and the location of the beds does not affect the yields.
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The labor management position of occupation groups, the formation of occupation categories in agriculture has changed essentially in the second half of the 20th century as compared to the development in the first half of the 20th century. From among the population employed in agriculture ethnographic and ethnological researches focusing on the first half of 20th century, monitored primarily the group of farms. The current project of the research is interesting in agricultural workers which played also important role in the development of the rural culture. There were divided into several groups. According popular census, there existed in the group of labor force in agriculture in 1930 55% autonomous farmers, 17% deputists ( 90 900 permanent workers ) and 28% ( more the 140 000) workers who have no permanent contract (day-laborers, harvestmen). The other category seasonal workers were separately monitored. Spread of the non permanent workers reflected the social structure of rural population, which conditioned the endurance of wide market of tree labor force having race opportunities to find employment in industry an looking for wage labor opportunities in agriculture and other traditional non farming employments. The figures are being associated with a large share of large landed estates, which due to outdated technical equipment and mechanization, require massive numbers of hired labor force. Combination other or non-farmers occupations and incomes from own-land cultivation was universal phenomenon in Slovakia in the first half of 20th century. In the first half 20th century, the most significant territory where agricultural workers could find employment was in the south-western Slovakia Hired workforce in agriculture in the former districts of south-western and southern Slovakia made up to 50-75% of the total labor force. The employment indicator is presented in connection to the data on the highest concentration of large landed estates of over 50 hectares. Research is concentrated on the professional development of the individuals, influence on the family life, coexistence of different agricultural labor occupations and other occupations in the family, local and regional differentiation.
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Understanding the link between species traits and how they use various elements in a heterogeneous agro-natural landscape is essential for conservation planning. Land-use and season affect the availability of resources for herbivorous insects such as grasshoppers. Also, the level at which these herbivores utilise these resources on the landscape depend on their traits. We focus here on the Cape Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot, which is rich in both endemic plants and narrow-range grasshoppers. We assessed dispersion patterns and abundance of the grasshopper species across the agro-natural mosaic, while specifically focusing on species traits and how they change over two seasons (spring and summer). We found that land-use and species traits played major roles in grasshopper spatial dispersion across the landscape, with season a highly significant variable. Not surprisingly, highly mobile, generalist feeders were abundant and widely dispersed across the landscape. Importantly however, this was especially the case in late season, when they could take advantage of high plant productivity in the vineyards. In contrast, low mobility, specialist feeders were limited to occupying only natural fynbos vegetation in both seasons
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In view of global changes, it is necessary to consider plant breeding as a process of developing new varieties and cultivars for present and future needs, with an emphasis on improving their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. The aim of this study was to compare wild-growing genotypes of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) with three registered cultivars Haschberg, Sambo and Bohatka in selected economic traits in Slovakia. Characters of selected genotypes and cultivars were tested in dynamics of inflorescences and fruit clusters, the morphological parameters such as the weight of fruit clusters, weight and number of drupes and weight of cluster without drupes. On the cv. Haschberg we evaluated the number of inflorescences for each individual plant for a period of three years. A high number of inflorescences was established in the first 3 years of plant growth. This is evidenced by the measurements from the 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-year old plants with the number of inflorescences on average 21.3–25.7, 42.2–51.0, 65.1–73.7 and 99.0, respectively.
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The European Commission has recognized nanotechnologies as extremely promising for increasing competitiveness of different sectors of the economy. On account of climate changes and the quest for food security, they are an effective way of solving key problems in the agrarian sector. Nowadays nanotechnologies are widely used for creating nanofertilizers, nanoinsecticides, nanofungicides, nanoherbicides and other nanopreparations. Numerous researches affirm advantages of nanopreparations, which has helped them find a wide use in agricultural practice. At the same time, nanopreparations are the source of entry into the environment of nanoparticles (size less than 100 nm) which are characterized by large active surface and specific physical-chemical properties different from ordinary chemical substances. It is precisely this which determines their bioaccessibility, bioaccumulation and toxicity. Recently, data about toxicity of nanoparticles for human and natural ecosystems have been accumulated. The results of a great deal of research affirm that they break the processes of photosynthesis, transpiration, mitosis, miosis and have a negative influence on colouring agents, proteins and carbohydrates.
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