NEOLOGISMI E FORESTIERISMI NELL’ITALIANO COME RIFLESSO DEI CAMBIAMENTI SOCIALI

Author(s): Radmila Lazarević / Language(s): Serbian,Italian Issue: 30/2020

Neologismi o neoformazioni sono parole o espressioni nuove, coniate mediante le regole di formazione proprie del sistema lessicale di una lingua, ma non entrate ancora propriamente nell’uso comune, come gadgettistica, sviluppismo, gattizzare... Ogni anno, i dizionari monolingui italiani vengono aggiornati con centinaia di voci nuove. Molte di queste parole arrivano nella lingua italiana come forestierismi già formati, mantenendo pure la forma originale (selfie, Brexit, emoji), mentre altre vengono tradotte e utilizzate come calchi traduzione: post verità dall’inglese post truth, lavaggio del cervello dall’inglese brainwashing ecc. Questo contributo cercherà di dimostrare come le tendenze neologiche nella lingua italiana riflettano non solo l’attualità italiana, ma anche quella globale, nonché i cambiamenti che stanno trasformando la società, talvolta a livello giornaliero, e specialmente nel campo delle nuove tecnologie. A scopo di illustrare queste tendenze, saranno riportati non solo gli esempi più attuali di neologismi, ma anche quelli di voci che, benché da parecchi anni facciano parte integrante dei dizionari e del lessico italiano, sono entrate nella lingua come neologismi e poi a loro volta hanno influenzato la formazione di altri neologismi con la stessa base (Tangentopoli e le sue derivazioni moderne in –poli, con il significato specifico del confisso). Saranno riportati esempi di varie sfere della vita sociale, nonché quelli storicamente rilevanti nel contesto sociale, culturale o politico.

ANALISI CONTRASTIVA ITALIANO-CROATO-CECA NELLA FRASEOLOGIA ENTOMOLOGICA

Author(s): Irena Marković,Monika Berić / Language(s): Italian Issue: 30/2020

Nella presente ricerca si è andati ad investigare in modo contrastivo quanto il comportamento e le caratteristiche degli insetti (in generale considerati universali) differiscano nelle tre lingue (italiano, croato e ceco) nelle espressioni idiomatiche. Si è partiti dalle espressioni idiomatiche italiane contenenti una componente entomologica (17 insetti), le quali cercano i loro equivalenti nel croato e nel ceco. Significa che l’analisi viene fatta soltanto unidirezionalmente dall’italiano al croato e ceco. Da un lato, la lingua croata e quella ceca, essendo della stessa origine (slava), dovrebbero accomunare equivalenti fraseologici totali (attraverso la variante protoslava), oppure attraverso i prestiti di terminologie religiose, ad esempio bibliche. D'altra parte, per via del diretto contatto italiano-croato, il croato dovrebbe avere più similarità fraseologica con l'italiano, a differenza del ceco. In base ai 4 passi della linguistica contrastiva e selezionando gli equivalenti totali, parziali e quelli diversi ci si è concentrati a spiegare (anche attraverso un’analisi concettuale) il perché delle diversità e quali siano le scelte linguistiche nei diversi equivalenti. Delle 72 espressioni in italiano, soltanto 9 (il 12%) sono equivalenti totali in tutte e tre le lingue. Differenziando le lingue, si nota un’affiliazione più stretta tra le lingue slave (24 equivalenze totali), che non tra il croato e l’italiano (15) e tra il ceco e l’italiano (11). L’analisi concettuale conferma questa affiliazione slava. Le lingue slave (croato e ceco), anche se storicamente e geograficamente più lontane, hanno conservato le loro specificità idiomatiche. D’altra parte l’italiano, essendo nell’ultimo millennio in stretto rapporto con il croato, ha sicuramente lasciato più repertorio idiomatico nel croato che nel ceco.

Petru Caraman – profilul unui mare slavist

Author(s): Livia Cotorcea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2017

Petru Karaman is known as one of the greatest ethnologists and folklorists in our culture, but few people know that, in fact, he is a Slavist of the same size, although some Romanian Slavic scholars denied this clear reality. And the truth stands before our eyes - Petru Karaman could not have become such a deep and comprehensive ethnologist and folklorist if he had not been a great Slavic scholar. The scientist himself directs us to such an idea when he chooses the comparative method as his main method of studying folklore and different traditions, the main application area of which is mainly the southeastern and Balkan part of Europe, where so many Slavic peoples live. And this fact presupposes knowledge not only of the ethnographic and folklore material of this area, but of history, culture and languages, in their historical, dialectal and modern form. Such a multifaceted knowledge is characteristic of our scientist, who defended his doctoral dissertation in Poland on the theme of caroling in Romanian and Slavic traditions, traveled through the Slavic lands of southeastern Europe and the Balkans, collecting materials and reading in the great libraries of the visited countries for his future work. The presence of Petru Karaman at the Department of Slavic Studies at Jassy University from 1938 to 1947 does not stop his interest in ethnographic and folklore problems, the approach to which has confirmed his exceptional importance for European ethnographic, ethnological and folklore science since 1936. The period of professorship at the Jassy department of Slavic studies adds to the already meaningful and implemented by him research on Slavic ethnology and folklore studies and a significant contribution to Russian studies and general Slavic studies. In this sense, the professor's archives, much depleted during the war by the loss of the chest with the scientist's manuscripts, also contain unique research on the history of the alphabet, manuscript and printed books and culture among Russians, or lectures on the history of Russian literature and literary criticism. In all these areas, Petru Karaman shows himself to be a deep and original connoisseur, who analyzes these phenomena not only from the side of a representative of a different area of culture and civilization, but also from the side of a person free from familiar clichés used by Romanian and Soviet specialists of that time. In his works on Russian studies, a special place is also occupied by works on the translation of Russian literary works into Romanian, the issue of translation, in principle, attracting the special attention of our scientist. Finally, lectures and studies about the first homeland of the Slavs, about the history of connections between the Glagolitic and the Cyrillic, about Slavic-Romanian documents or about the art of manuscript among the Slavs, considered in a comparative perspective, multiply the motives of the idea of Peter Karaman as a great Slavic scholar, as well as of the printing by the publishing house of the Jassy University a special book in which we have collected all the above problems.

Metafore conceptuale în limbile rusă și română

Author(s): Daniela Gheltofan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2018

The metaphorization process consists of the association of particular information that reveals human cognitive and linguistic behaviour in certain life situations. Metaphorical speech is, from the cognitivists’ standpoint, an element that cannot be detached from interhuman communication; as an omnipresent fact, unsurprisingly, it not easy to spot: Ro. în inima pădurii, Ru. в сердце леса; Ro. mâna dreaptă (a cuiva), Ru. правая рука; Ro. mână de fier, Ru. сильная рука, etc. In what follows, I shall attempt at mapping the conceptual metaphoric structures of Russian and Romanian built on the source domain of gastronomy. The metaphoric process that relies on culinary associations can be outlined only in the presence of a linking element, of certain more or less obvious similarities between the source and the target domain.

Komparácia typológií slovenského francúzskeho jazyka cez prizmu frankofónneho použivateľa slovenčciny

Author(s): Lucia Ráčková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2018

The aim of the article is to compare the linguistic typology of Slovak and French and to point out, how the fact, that Slovak is a flective language and French is an analytic language influences the Francophone learners of the Slovak language. Slovak and French are not similar languages from the classification point of view. Slovak belongs to the group of Slavic languages, while French belongs to the group of Romanic languages, but both of them are Indoeuropean languages, which are strongly influenced by Latin. Moreover, they have in common some historical and cultural penetrations. We based our analysis on the structural typology by Vladimir Skalicka, which originates from the Prague linguistic school.

O imagine de ansamblu a frazeologiei române și bulgare

Author(s): Cristina-Andreea Radu-Bejenaru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2018

Throughout the present paper, we try to give a brief overview of Romanian and Bulgarian phraseological studies. We approach not only the evolution of phraseology in these two languages, but also several arguable themes, such as terminology, idiomatic features, classification of idioms and aspects related to the delimitation of idioms from other non-idiomatic constructions. The main purpose of our article is to underline once more the interdisciplinarity of phraseology and the importance and necessity of continuing research in this field.

Exprimarea prostiei în frazeologia română și bulgară

Author(s): Cristina-Andreea Radu-Bejenaru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

The present paper proposes the approach of several Romanian and Bulgarian idioms from a cognitive and cultural perspective. The idioms under consideration are part of our selected corpus of one hundred phrasemes expressing negative moral traits. Our article begins with a theoretical framework in which we review the main theories we operate with (such as Doborovol’skij and Piirainen’s, Sharifian’s, Ionescu’s) and continues with the actual semantic analysis of the idioms.

Book review: Hrisztova-Gotthardt, Hrisztalina; T. Litovkina, Anna; Barta, Péter; Vargha, Katalin (2018). A közmondásferdítések ma: Öt nyelv antiproverbiumainak nyelvészeti vizsgálata. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó.

Author(s): Dániel Mány / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

ИСТОЧНИКИ ПРАГМАТИКАЛИЗАЦИИ ДИСКУРСИВНЫХ ФОРМУЛ ОТРИЦАНИЯ В ТИПОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ ОСВЕЩЕНИИ: РУССКИЙ И СЛОВЕНСКИЙ

Author(s): Polina Byčkova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2020

The paper discusses a special type of colloquial constructions – discourse formulae, in two languages, Russian and Slovene. The term discourse formulae is applied to the idiomatic multiword dialogical responses like Slovene ‘Kje pa!’, Russian ‘Гдетам!’, or English ‘As if!’ that have their own illocutionary force which emerges through the diachronic process of pragmaticalization. The comparison of the inventory of discourse formulae in multiple languages, and, in particular, in closely related languages, allows to investigate the existing patterns of this process through finding the common strategies and discovering the differences in the development of the pragmatic meaning of a construction. The paper considers the Russian and Slovene discourse formulae that belong to the pragmatic class of negation and presents case studies that illustrate three different types of correlation of discourse formulae between two languages: namely, the full cognates – the discourse formulae with similar internal structure and usage, the false translation equivalents – the discourse formulae having similar internal structure and different function, and the sources of pragmaticalization that are unique for each language but have the same target meaning. The analysis of the semantic and pragmatic meaning of the discourse formulae in the two languages is based on the technique of Moscow Lexical Typology Group which includes the analysis of parallel corpora and the results of a native speakers survey.

SPOL PRI NAGOVARJANJU (SLOVENSKO-RUSKI KONTRASTIVNI VIDIK)

Author(s): Blaž Šoba / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2020

Članek opisuje problematiko rabe moških slovničnih oblik, ki se nanašajo na osebo ženskega spola. Taka raba je v ruščini standardna, kadar samostalnik v stavku stoji v povedkovem določilu in kot tak izraža lastnost. Ženska oblika se medtem uporablja za konkretiziranega referenta. Moška oblika pa se za ženskega referenta pojavlja tudi v slovenskih nagovorih, kjer kot primična besedna zveza tipa ‘gospa profesor’ in ‘gospa doctor’ predstavlja drugo izrazno možnost (sistemske) ujemalne besedne zveze tipa ‘gospa profesorica’ in ‘gospa doktorica’. Razlika med primikom in ujemanjem je v kontekstu nagovarjanja predvsem stilistična. Članek predstavlja nekaj možnosti za izbor obeh strategij, v zadnjem delu pa so za primerjavo obravnavane nekatere ruske strategije nagovarjanja: ekvivalenti slovenskih besednih zvez (‘gospa profesor’, ‘gospa doktor’, ‘gospa profesorica’, ‘gospa doktorica’), naslavljanje z imenom in patronimom, naslavljanje skombinacijo ‘gospa’/’gospod’+ priimek/ime in naslavljanje s splošnimi izrazi, ki težijo k nevtralnosti.

АНАЛИЗ ВТОРИЧНЫХ МЕТАФОРИЧЕСКИХ НОМИНАЦИЙ В РУССКОМ И КИТАЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ С ТОЧКИ ЗРЕНИЯ ГЕНДЕРНОЙ ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТИ

Author(s): Ivan Smirnov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

In the paper there was used the method of comparison of the original metaphors in Russian and their translation into Chinese. This method is concerned as traditional one, because during its usage we compare metaphors of the original text and their translation into another language. This comparison allows to reveal the facts of metaphorical images parallelism and simultaneously to show that some metaphorical meanings cannot be translated literally into another language, which is the evidence of existence of differences in the metaphorical models of this two languages. Analysis in terms of gender semantics has shown that most of metaphorical nominations have an ambivalent character, i.e. can be applied both to a man and a woman.

СПЕЦИФИКА ДЕЙКТИЧЕСКОЙ ФУНКЦИИ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ 'Я' В ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОМ ДИСКУРСЕ РУССКОГО И ЧЕШСКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ

Author(s): Aleksandar Taleski / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

The objective of this work is an attempt to show the specificity of deixis of personal pronoun I in the political discourse on the materials of the Czech National Corpus. From a semantic point of view this category attracted a lot of attention, particularly egocentrism and the functional semantic field of personality. First I want to designate the place of the personal pronoun I in the functional semantic field of personality, I want to show their substitutive words components with his specifics in the context of both languages translation and at the same time look at how corpus search engine identifies it.

Фразеологичното значение в българската и немската фразеологична наука от съпоставителен аспект

Author(s): Ani Angelova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The article presents the meaning of phraseological units as a major research object in the Bulgarian and German phrasaeology. The aim is to present the main classifications of phraseological meaning and to highlight the similarities and differences in the two languages.

DISKURSANALYSE DER KRISENKOMMUNIKATION DES UNTERNEHMENS VINTED IN LITAUEN UND DEUTSCHLAND

Author(s): Greta Garnytė / Language(s): German Issue: 18/2021

Quite many companies or organisations experience smaller or larger crises for an abundance of various reasons and yet a situation is not immediately named a crisis as such, even though the signs are rather clear. That was the case with the crisis communication of “Vinted”. The research aimed to analyse the external crisis communication in “Vinted” (as mother company in Lithuania) and “Kleiderkreisel” (as daughter company in Germany) for the topic is hardly analysed, especially linguistically. The material for crisis communication in “Vinted” was gathered from the articles in business news portal “Verslo žinios” (www.vz.lt) and the material for the analysis of crisis communication in “Kleiderkreisel” was gathered from the official “Kleiderkreisel” internet forum. It was noticed that the types of crises are different and because of that companies choose different ways for communication, meaning that “where” and “how’ the company communicates with its community was influenced by the type of crisis itself. Communication of Vinted (statements in Lithuanian language) and “Kleiderkreisel” (statements in German language) was analysed and compared using the discourse analysis method which later led to recognition of different types of crises and the different crisis communication models that were applied. Due to the reason, that the data of Vinted covers 2016–2017 and the data of ‘Kleiderkreisel’ covers 2014–2016, it allows to see the outcomes of both cases of crisis and further communication. In 2019 “Vinted” has received a new investment and became the first Unicorn in Baltic countries. Because the company grows further in the year 2020, it can be presumed that communication and managements strategies applied in the years of crisis were correct.

A láb/нога főnevekből alkotott magyar és szerb szavak kontrasztív elemzése

Author(s): Edit Andrić / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2016

Hungarian and Serbian nouns indicating limb of human beings and terrestrial animals useful for dislocation. I would like to reveal to what extent the different typological nature of the two languages affect the method of word-building. By examining the corpus of the two languages, I have reached the conclusion that just as rich, but at the same time less structured set of derivatives of the Serbian language enable the formation of derivatives roughly with an identical number. In the paper I touch upon the semantics of the words as well in order to be able to establish that the lexical meaning of the nouns being the subject of the study motivates word-building. Ultimately I have also made a word-class classification of words resulted this way.

DIDÁCTICA DEL PASADO. EL PRETÉRITO EN SERBIO Y SUS FORMAS CORRESPONDIENTES EN ESPAÑOL

Author(s): Milica Lilić / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2021

Starting from the dominance of the past tense in Serbian, as the most frequently used tense to express actions and states of the past, this study tries to find its corresponding forms in Spanish, depending on its syntactic use and the purpose of the statement. Thus, through a series of examples, the four types of the past tense in Serbian will be explained (indicative, relative, qualitative and modal) and their corresponding tenses and verbal periphrasis in Spanish will be analyzed. Likewise, an emphasis will be placed on the uses of the truncated past tense in Serbian, comparing it with its equivalent forms in Spanish. The analysis shows that the use of the past tense in Serbian is so widespread that it is necessary to resort to most of the verb forms in Spanish to cover all its uses and to transmit a particular statement correctly. Likewise, the results of the study show that it can be interpreted as a didactic tool for teaching Spanish as a foreign language.

МАКЕДОНСКО-ПОЛСКИ ПАРАЛЕЛИ ВО ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЈАТА

Author(s): Veselinka Labroska,Ljiljana Gushevska / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 2/2016

The point of interest of this article is the contrastive review of the idioms in the Macedonian and Polish languages. Due to the notable volume of the materials available, the analysis shall be limited to examples of two different lexemes of somatic phraseology heart (serce/srce) and soul (dusza/dusha), such as (coś) leży (komuś) na sercu / mu lezhi na srce; (kogoś) boli serce / srceto go boli. Our intention is to delve into the semantic aspect of the idioms, their structure, as well as their stylistic marking and, especially, to present those which are both semantic and lexic-structural equivalent. The goal of this comparative methodology is to show the degree of commonness of these idioms in a typical representative corpus of the Macedonian and Polish phraseology.

КОН КАТЕГОРИЈАТА NOMINA INSTRUMENTI (МАКЕДОНСКО-ПОЛСКИ ПАРАЛЕЛИ)

Author(s): Katica Trajkova / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 2/2016

Macedonian Church Slavonic texts contain rich lexical material which are an unavoidable indicator of the core and nature of the material character and national culture. The paper considers lexemes of the lexical category nomina instrumenti in the Macedonian Church Slavonic Texts or lexical fund confirmed in old literacy, which is an essential indicator for character on material culture and its historical development. The continuant in this lexemes will be seen in frames of contemporary Macedonian and Polish language. The focus of interest is the same, narrowed or expanded semantics on this lexemes.

Italijanska gramatikografija između tradicionalne i savremene lingvistike

Author(s): Marija M. Mitrović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 35/2021

The aim of this paper is to show the current situation in contemporary Italian grammaticography, i.e., to analyse grammatical models (traditional, generative and dependency model) grammar reference books for different purposes are based on. By means of diachronic and synchronic analysis of grammar reference books, we have examined and showed to what extent traditional theories and terminology are retained, i.e., to what extent generative grammar and valency theory are present.

За смртта на југословенскиот мит преку деконструкција на една држава(македонско искуство)

Author(s): Vesna Mojsova-Čepiševska / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2011

Пајо Авировиќ во својот роман Џахиз и истребувачите на кучиња (Скопје: Детска радост, 2005) успева низ една лежерна, непретенциозна постапка да зборува отворено за апсурдноста на балканските судири и за југословенските човечки несреќи. Оваа негова проза манифестира едно сентиментално „движење“ на внатрешниот егзил во деконструкцијата на една земја, т.е. на Југославија, при што го поставува и прашањето за оправданоста на постоењето на југословенската нација, тргнувајќи од сведоштвото на самата историја кое на нациите гледа како на соништа пред нивното историско и географско означување како нации. Златко Крамариќ, отворено во својот текст Нацијата: текст или сон, го поставува прашањето: дали е можно, во случајот со македонската нација, да се сведе „комунизмот“ и особено „југословенизмот“ на „стил“, поточно на онаа специфична форма на самопрезентација во која македонската заедница ја препознава сопствената, а со самото тоа и единствената самопрезентација (Kramarić, 2009: 159). Зашто токму тој „комунизам“/„југословенизам“ како „стил“ се изродил од реалната потреба на македонскиот народ да даде соодветен одговор на конститутивниот сон на секоја нација да биде слободна, од една страна, но и од потребата за некое братство сфатено како центар на канонскиот модел на заедништвото во западната култура и како фигура која игра пресудна улога во дефинирањето на политичките заедници во текот на целокупната западноевропска историја (Kramarić, 2009: 172), од друга. Впрочем ако повеќето, особено современи автори ја сфаќаат нацијата како релативно нов општествен феномен, тогаш е потполно бесмислено да се говори за стари и нови нации, бидејќи таа не е биолошки туку општествен феномен. Зашто нацијата не е само политичка туку и културна заедница, таа не е прашање на биологијата и географијата, туку на срцето и умот. Таа се создава како нарација, како грижливо/прецизно прераскажана идеја која го негува сонот на една митоисториска форма, апстрактна како поим, но премногу конкретна како историска сила (S. Gurguris).