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On culture, face and politeness. Again

Author(s): Maria Sifianou / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Research on face is undergoing a move away from face being viewed as an individual construct to a more interactional one under the influence of discursive approaches to politeness. In this framework, it has been argued that like politeness, face is an interactional phenomenon and should be explored as such (see, e.g., Arundale, 2010; Haugh, 2010; O’Driscoll, 2011a).However, face and politeness are different kinds of concepts, the understanding of which probably necessitates different frameworks. Untangling face from (im)politeness in research is, to my mind, a necessary first step because if face and politeness are researched independently, we may be able to understand their meanings better and see their possible connections with fresh eyes (see, e.g., Haugh & Bargiela-Chiappini, 2010; O’Driscoll, 2011b; Haugh, 2013).Drawing on data from Greek, I will try to substantiate my contentions that: • face is a relational phenomenon but not necessarily an interactional one; • it makes sense to talk about face as an individual possession (with group repercussions), and as a pre-existing (though not static) entity with enduring aspects; • the association between face and politeness may not be as strong as has been assumed.

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Multiple contexts of face

Author(s): Ewa Bogdanowska-Jakubowska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Face is a sociocultural construct which is based on the person’s sense of identity and expectations as to how his/her self-image should be created, and constitutes a property of relationship between interactants (cf. Arundale, 2006; Bousfield, 2008; Spencer-Oatey & Franklin, 2009). As such it appears to be strongly context dependent. Context is understood here as “aspects of the social environment” which become “observable” by their consequences on discourse, or by the influence of discourse on social situations (van Dijk, 2006, p. 164). Contexts of social interactions in which face is constituted are “subjective participant interpretations” of the relevant aspects of the social environment.The aims of the study are to analyse the mechanisms responsible for face creation during social interaction and to investigate the role of context as a subjective face-constituting factor. Face has a structure which can be compared to lettuce; it gets softer towards its centre. Some aspects of face, the central (internal) ones, are most sensitive and vulnerable to attack or damage; others – the more distant from the centre (external) are less vulnerable to face-threats. It may be assumed that in the majority of cultures people display affective sensitivity to the same aspects of face, the only difference is in the degree of their importance and in their location relative to the centre of face. Irrespective of the degree of sensitivity specific to a particular aspect of face, we can observe different contexts in which particular aspects of face are foregrounded.

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Is the Italian figura just a facet of face? Comparative remarks on two socio-pragmatic key-concepts and their explanatory force for intercultural approaches

Author(s): Gudrun Held / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The art of fare una bella figura is commonly considered as the cultural and societal cornerstone of the Italian way of life: covertly, but constantly regulating the Italian identity in its everyday interaction, it is not only an aesthetic and spirited show-off, but also a soulful and diplomatic manner of communication that makes foreigners surrender in feelings of admiration, envy or simple misunderstanding. I thus presume that the specific cultural concept of figura is a facet of the general concept of face as it is shaped in modern theories of pragmatics and cultural studies. While being pragmatically interrelated, the two concepts, nevertheless, reflect very different conceptualizations of the social image that they transport through history, discourse and literature. Overall, neither their communities, nor their differences have ever been studied systematically.As both, figura and face manifest themselves in the ongoing social performance, they are also a semiotic phenomenon that is mainly displayed in language use. Hence, the idiomatic expression “making a good or a bad figura” refers to verbal manners that can also be evaluated in terms of face-saving or face-losing. Therefore, I argue that “figuring” the figura in the right verbal way is nothing else than the Italian version of facework that is historically learned and culturally approved. Fare figura thus implies a range of strategies that are likely to keep up a context-appropriate “impression management” between felt solidarity and simulated equality.The present paper – part of a larger work in progress – takes up these theses. Intending to deepen both, affinities and differences of the two concepts, it is concerned with the following aims: (1) a brief comparative study of the two notions taking into account their terminological history, their idiomatic collocations and their discursive development; (2) an outline of the main socio-pragmatic concepts of face (and facework or face negotiation) in order to work out similarities and differences with the concept of figura; (3) a discussion of these findings within the theory of (im)politeness (throughout the different stages of research where the traditional issue = first order politeness is distinguished from the scientific issue = second order politeness); (4) a short evidence from selected data (namely Italian internet-blogs on the tragedy of Costa Concordia) where the figura-concept is emotionally discussed in terms of national stereotype. It is thus not only the main subject of the ongoing intercultural debate, but it also provokes a big variety of language strategies that visibly perform the bella or brutta figura in action.

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Compliments and compliment responses and their effects on the hearer’s face in researcher-supervisor interaction

Author(s): Marzieh Bashirpour,Imtiaz Hasnain / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Daily interpersonal communication is required to interact with people for initiating, developing, defining, maintaining and progressing or sustaining a relationship. Compliments are polite acts providing positive impressions that help in establishing relations, developing confidence and the sense of self-esteem for the hearers. They vary from culture to culture, for instance, while they are generally paid and appreciated in Western culture (Holmes, 1986), in the Eastern culture (Gu, 1990; Chen, 1993) they are rejected or denied. Compliments are also defined as maintaining, enhancing, or supporting the addressee’s face through admiring or approving someone’s work, appearance or taste (Goffman, 1967). Face is something that is emotionally invested and that can be lost, maintained or enhanced. This paper investigates different functions of compliments such as praising, reinforcing a desired action, sarcasm and disapproval, in the context of cross-cultural differences in interaction, focusing on PhD students (different nationalities) who enrolled for studies in Aligarh Muslim University, India and their supervisors in order to understand how and in which contexts they affect the hearer’s face as being positive or negative, and what is the compliment response.

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Face in official intercultural interaction

Author(s): Jiayi Wang / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study, with a data-driven approach to the problem, explores the “who” of face in Sino-American official interaction. Using the empirical data from a nearly one-month-long Chinese delegation trip to the United States, the study contributes to our understanding of the conceptualisation and operationalisation of face in official intercultural interaction. The data revealed that face was a central interpreting frame for the Chinese officials. My analysis suggests that face is not just individual and can be a group possession as well. At a group level, it could simultaneously involve multiple layers.

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СОЦИАЛНО–ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ПАРАМЕТРИ НА ЕЗИКОВОТО КЛИШЕ

Author(s): Riya Altimirska / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

One of the specific characteristics concerning the modern development of Bulgarian language is a linguistic cliche - a phenomenon which is unique in its versatility and multi-functionality. This paper comprises selected, analyzed and summarized indicative viewpoints from various forums about cliche, and in particular linguistic cliche. Although a lot of the interpretations are contradictory, they all emphasize certain, often different, parameters and characteristics with regard to the way a cliche functions. Perceived as a multi-meaning and multi-function linguistic phenomenon with a wide range of social and psychological parameters and used in different speech situations and socio-cultural spheres a cliche due to its universality is being universalized. This research is an attempt to explain a linguistic cliche with the help of the specific sociopsychological characteristics of modern communication. The observations on Bulgarian language regarding its place, function, role and the dynamics of its current state give every reason to define a cliche as a linguistic phenomenon.

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МОДЕЛИ НА ДИАЛОГА В МЕДИЙНАТА РЕЧ

Author(s): Venera Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The subject of the article is the answer as a reaction to the question in Bulgarian media discourse between the recipient and sender. The models that are analyzed do not fall into standard expectations when the recipient fills gaps in the information of the questioner. Various situations are analyzed, but in particular via so-called "dialogic game" where interlocutors have relatively equal participation in verbal communication. The aim is to penetrate to some extent in the principles of verbal interpersonal interaction. To understand whether there are specific models that successfully avoid unwanted response from the addressee. Are there any "stereotypes" of speech behavior? And how they spread in the Bulgarian media context? Are there dominant models that serve as "universal formula"?

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ЗА НЯКОИ ПРОЯВИ НА ЕЗИКОВА МАНИПУЛАЦИЯ В ДНЕШНАТА БЪЛГАРСКА ПОЛИТИЧЕСКА РЕЧ

Author(s): Kristiyana Simeonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This article considers the most commonly used mechanisms of language manipulation, that occur in the contemporary Bulgarian political speech.

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Sieć swoich narzucana na obcy świat. Śmiałe spojrzenie dialektyczne

Author(s): Piotr Skudrzyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author utilizes dialectics as the primary methodological approach due to his conviction in the discursive power of that approach to Reality. Through this approach, then, the author finds the dialectic pair for the notion of the network, i.e. the notion of the environment. Next, on the pair “network‑environment”, the author superimposes the more interesting pair “Self‑Other” (or “familiar‑unfamiliar”). In his intent of taming the unfamiliar, the author draws abundantly from the works of Ryszard Kapuściński. The next step is directed toward the recognition of the metaphysical foundations of the phenomenon of the network, i.e. the influence of that which is collective on that which is individual. Here, in turn, the author finds certain affinity with the works of American scholars: Nicholas A. Christakis and James H. Fowler.

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Gažikanes vaj romanes?

Author(s): Markéta Hajská / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

V české a slovenské odborné literatuře věnované Romům se překvapivě málo příspěvků věnuje tématu bilingvismu Romů a postojům Romů k jazykům, kterými hovoří, což do značné míry platí i celosvětově (Matras, 2002), i když v posledních letech dochází na tomto poli zejména v zahraničí k publikování nových poznatků (Pinter, 2011; Bakker, Matras, 2013 a další). Obecně představují témata jako bilingvismus, jazyková směna a přepínání jazykových kódů jedny z oblastí, které jsou v posledních desetiletích předmětem zkoumání významných zahraničních badatelů zejména na poli lingvistiky, sociolingvistiky a sociální antropologie, a o kterých bylo publikovaných velké množství studií (Bell, 2013: 113; Auer, 1998: 1).

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Algunas observaciones acerca de la cortesía verbal en el mundo hispanohablante: el caso de la imagen social

Author(s): Monika Lisowska / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this article is to present a few observations on verbal politeness in the culture of Spanish language by paying particular attention to characteristics of the pragmatic category called ‘face’. In this short presentation, the author tries to emphasize the general nature of this category (in principle homogeneous) in the investigated culture as well as its certain shades affecting differences in the linguistic expression of politeness in Spanish speaking countries.

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«A la illvstrissima y excelentissima Señora»: algunas observaciones sobre los títulos honoríficos con -ís(s)imo en el español áureo

Author(s): Andrzej Zieliński / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this paper is the analysis of the behaviour of honorific formulas with the superlative suffix -ísimo in the Spanish Golden Age (XV–XVII centuries). This period was selected because of the true case of “isimomania” attested in the texts from that periods. This paper will be focused only on two of the most frequent honorific treatments: ilustrissimo, as well as excelentissimo. With the help of a relatively large textual corpus, mainly from electronic database CORDE, the author will try to find the semantic, pragmatic and morphosyntactic reasons that led to its lexicalization in the Spanish language.

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Названия часов, образованные от имен античных богов, как рекламные имена

Author(s): Bożena Bolesta-Wrona / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The object of the analysis in the following article is the names of Russian watches. They were named after ancient Greek and Roman gods. The main aim of the analysis is to indicate the basis of metaphorical transfer. The author views the analyzed names as “advertising names” and indicates their functions.

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Rodno osjetljiva upotreba jezika

Author(s): Sandra Zlotrg / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Raspravu o rodno osjetljivoj upotrebi jezika u našoj nauci o jeziku možemo pratiti još od polovine prošlog stoljeća. Zlatko Vince u zagrebačkom časopisu „Jezik“ 1954. godine u naslovu donosi dilemu Drugarica direktor, gospođa profesor ili drugarica direktorica, gospođa profesorica? Osvrćući se na postojeću praksu da žene, posebno poslije Drugog svjetskog rata, stječu zvanja i titule koje su nekada bile rezervirane za muškarce, primjećuje kako jezička praksa ne prati stvarnost tako da u raznim društvenim sferama možemo čuti i pročitati oblike kao Ana M., profesor, Marija Z., liječnik-pripravnik i sl. Do tada je doktorka i ministarka značilo suprugu doktora i ministra, i umjesto da se nađe novi naziv za zvanje koje obavlja žena, „kancelarijski, razgovorni, a za njime i književni jezik pošao je drugim putem. Službeni je naziv za žene, kao i za muškarce: profesor, doktor, inženjer, agronom, kapetan, major, pilot i t. d.“ (Vince, 1954, str. 116).

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Jazyková biografie Bedřicha Smetany a jazyk jeho korespondence se zřetelem ke gramatickým jevům

Author(s): Lucie Rychnovská,Marek Nekula / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The paper deals with specific sources and methods of historical sociolinguistics and with the possibility of using historical language biographies to reconstruct a language situation: in this paper the specific aspects of the language situation in Bohemia of the 19th century. The paper presupposes that especially private correspondence is a prominent source for historical sociolinguistics because of its interactivity. It holds true also for the narration of language biographies introduced in the correspondence with respect to a specific addressee. The language biography method and its applicability as a method of historical sociolinguistics are demonstrated with the language biography of Friedrich/Bedřich Smetana. In the second part the paper deals with a grammatical analysis of Smetana´s received correspondence. The aim of the analysis is to show which Czech grammatical phenomena are problematic for Czech-German bilingual speakers, who began to learn standard Czech only as an adult.

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Turkish-language ability of children of immigrants in Germany

Author(s): Oliver Klein,Nicole Biedinger,Birgit Becker / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the 1960s, German industry was in need of low-skilled labour and started to recruit ‘guest workers’ (Crul and Vermeulen 2003: p. 970). Many of these labour migrants came from Turkey. In 2011, about 1.6 million individuals of Turkish origin lived in Germany, constituting that country’s largest migrant group (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2011). Several studies report that on average, the socioeconomic status of Turkish immigrants is lower than that of native Germans. Furthermore, they are the least well integrated migration group in Germany (Diehl & Schnell, 2006). Research in Germany mainly focuses on the German language ability, but knowledge of the heritage language can help to maintain the immigrants’ ties to their ethnic culture, which in turn can facilitate their psychological adjustment. The stronger roots in the ethnic culture may facilitate their social and cultural adjustment through the ethnic community and may also facilitate their adjustment to the host culture (cf. Park et al., 2012). In the following paper we seek to answer the question of how children of Turkish immigrants in Germany are able to learn their heritage language (language retention/maintenance).

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Language and Identity Problems

Author(s): Neriman Hocaoğlu Bahadır / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Migration, language and identity are three interrelated concepts. These concepts have important effects on the lives of moving families, as their lives are social realities. In this research, it is aimed to focus on the 1989 migration from Bulgaria to Turkey in order to determine the problems especially language related problems, which people who immigrated in 1989 and afterwards to Turkey came across and their effects on their identities. To be able to find proper results qualitative method was used in this study. In-depth interviews were conducted to understand the difficulties in relation to language inabilities, adaptation problems, perceptions, acceptance or exclusion. So the research questions are: What were the problems of immigrants who moved from Bulgaria to Turkey? and How did these problems affect their identities? The novelty of this research is that it is focused on not only to people who emigrated but also their children who were born either in Bulgaria or in Turkey. So, it is possible to make comparison among the people who lived the act of moving and their children whom may also have lived or just felt it in their lives. This also makes it possible to determine changes in time.

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Bosniens rudimentärster Kontakt mit dem Deutschen – Die Posavina als Nachhut der großen Schwabensiedlung

Author(s): Hermann Scheuringer / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Within the history of German settlement in East Central and South East Europe, Bosnia seems to be an area outside. Nevertheless, it has been, although marginally, only, part of medieval ‘Saxon’ settlement as well as of the later, so-called ‘Swabian’ settlement of Germans in this part of Europe. This paper is supposed to draw attention to this fact and, in short, present the main aspects of German as a quasi-autochthonous language spoken by native speakers of German in Bosnia and Herzegovina up to the middle of the twentieth century.

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Die Stellung des deutschen Transfergutes in der bosnischen Gegenwartssprache

Author(s): Nenad Memić / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

The following paper aims at describing the position of German loanwords in the modern Bosnian language. The main focus of the paper is laid on the origin of German loanwords and their sociolinguistic variation in Bosnian. The vast majority of German loanwords in Bosnian hails either from the Austrian variety of Standard German or from Bavarian-Austrian dialects. They were adopted in Bosnian mostly during the Austro-Hungarian time (1878 to 1918). In Bosnian, these loanwords can be found in all language varieties nowadays: from the standard to the colloquial language and sociolects. This paper describes some important aspects of the diatopic (standard and colloquial language, sociolects) and diaphasic (formal and informal style) variation of German loanwords in modern Bosnian.

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Lexikalischer Anisomorphismus im Sprachenpaar Bosnisch-Deutsch und Strategien der lexikografischen Vermittlung

Author(s): Alma Čović-Filipović / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

The mediation between two languages is inevitably linked to anisomorphism, which in turn arises from the fact that languages conceptualize the extralinguistic world differently and produce terms for these concepts according to their needs. The present work deals with this phenomenon from the perspective of lexicography and theoretically and empirically investigates how anisomorphism manifests itself in bilingual lexicography, how it affects the equivalence relationship between two expressions and which strategies and instruments are available to deal with anisomorphism in lexicography. The first part of the work deals with the concept of anisomorphism and its manifestations in the form of divergence. In the second part, different means of equivalent discrimination in the case of divergence are discussed. In the next empirical part of the work, concrete cases of divergence in the bilingual dictionary by Jakić/Hurm are examined to propose improvements regarding the procedures in the case of divergence as they were applied in the bilingual Bosnian-German dictionary. Particular attention is paid to the use of glosses and examples since they are an indispensable lexicographical tool in productive dictionaries in the equivalent discrimination.

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