PROCEEDINGS - THE 20TH INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “STRATEGIES XXI” ”TECHNOLOGIES – MILITARY APPLICATIONS, SIMULATION AND RESOURCES”

TRANSFORMING TRANSATLANTIC SECURITY: WITH ADJECTIVES

TRANSFORMING TRANSATLANTIC SECURITY: WITH ADJECTIVES
(TRANSFORMING TRANSATLANTIC SECURITY: WITH ADJECTIVES)

Author(s):Hristina DOBREVA
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:17-22
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:security concept; defence; transatlantic; NATO-EU relations
Summary/Abstract:Traditionally collective security coexists with collective defence. Although security and defence are complementary in the transatlantic system, their differentiation clarifies the concepts. The paper applies security concepts to EU security to find elements of common, comprehensive security within the EU. NATO remains a common security provider. Thus, EU widens and NATO deepens the security concept. NATO-EU security however is still a matter of ad-hoc decisions, unfixed combination of adjectives.

WHY NEW WEAPONS ARE NOT ALWAYS ENOUGH TO WIN A WAR? LESSONS FROM RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

WHY NEW WEAPONS ARE NOT ALWAYS ENOUGH TO WIN A WAR? LESSONS FROM RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR
(WHY NEW WEAPONS ARE NOT ALWAYS ENOUGH TO WIN A WAR? LESSONS FROM RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR)

Author(s):Claudiu Valer NISTORESCU
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:23-30
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:new weapon systems; combat adaptation; battlefield asymmetries; combined arms approach; offensive manoeuvre.
Summary/Abstract:The Russian aggression against Ukraine has significantly altered the international security environment. Traditional democracies are now faced with new challenges and are seeking innovative solutions to address them. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine involves two powerful armies employing their respective doctrines, warfare knowledge, and advanced weapon systems to gain an advantage. Western countries have been supporting the Ukrainian armed forces by providing them with sophisticated weapons and technologies, which have enhanced their chances of success. The combat effectiveness of these new capabilities is undeniable. However, the failure of the 2023 Ukrainian Summer Offensive to achieve its stated objective necessitates an evaluation of the overall impact of these capabilities. This article aims to identify the limitations of new weapon systems and solutions to improve and exploit their effects on the battlefield in an objective and balanced manner.

INTUITION IN MILITARY DECISION-MAKING: BRIDGING EXPERIENCE AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES

INTUITION IN MILITARY DECISION-MAKING: BRIDGING EXPERIENCE AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES
(INTUITION IN MILITARY DECISION-MAKING: BRIDGING EXPERIENCE AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES)

Author(s):Catalin-Vlad MIHAI
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:31-39
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:military intuition; RPD model; sixth sense; operational effectiveness; high-pressure scenarios; military decision-making;
Summary/Abstract:This article examines the crucial role of intuition in military decision-making, integrating insights from Gary Klein’s Recognition-Primed Decision (RPD) model and Daniel Kahneman's analysis of cognitive processes. It highlights how intuition, honed through experience and rapid pattern recognition, plays a pivotal role in high-stakes military environments. The paper showcases real-life examples, demonstrating the effective use of intuition in command decisions and the collective intuition of military teams. It also explores the enhancement of military intuition through narrative structures, metaphors, and analogies, emphasizing their importance in strategic thinking and decision-making. The article addresses the challenges of intuition, including the potential for misjudgment and the necessity of training to refine intuitive skills. This study provides significant insights into the blend of intuitive and analytical thinking in military operations, underscoring its value in modern warfare.

HYBRID MARITIME WARFARE IN NATO DOCTRINE AND THE EU CONCEPT. IMPLICATIONS FOR ROMANIA

HYBRID MARITIME WARFARE IN NATO DOCTRINE AND THE EU CONCEPT. IMPLICATIONS FOR ROMANIA
(HYBRID MARITIME WARFARE IN NATO DOCTRINE AND THE EU CONCEPT. IMPLICATIONS FOR ROMANIA)

Author(s):Adrian Ionuț BĂLAN, Remus Daniel PINTILII
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:40-47
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:hybrid maritime warfare; maritime security; doctrin; concept.
Summary/Abstract:Hybrid maritime warfare, a complex form of conflict blending political, economic, military, informational, and diplomatic instruments in the maritime domain, poses significant challenges for both NATO and the European Union (EU). This analysis explores how NATO and the EU address hybrid maritime warfare within their doctrines and concepts and delves into the implications for Romania. Both organizations recognize the intricate nature of this threat and emphasize the importance of maritime security globally. In the case of Romania, a Black Sea littoral country, whose objective is to strengthen the security situation in the maritime space, the solutions for efficiently addressing the multiple aspects/effects of hybrid maritime threats include, but are not limited to, enhancing military capabilities, identifying and implementing measures for energy security and independence, regional cooperation with states in the Wider Black Sea Region, as well as the development of port and maritime infrastructure.

EFFECTS OF EMERGING DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES ON MILITARY ACTION GEO-TEMPORAL FRAMEWORK

EFFECTS OF EMERGING DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES ON MILITARY ACTION GEO-TEMPORAL FRAMEWORK
(EFFECTS OF EMERGING DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES ON MILITARY ACTION GEO-TEMPORAL FRAMEWORK)

Author(s):Mihai DUȚOIU
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:48-54
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:military actions, geo-temporal framework; emerging disruptive technologies
Summary/Abstract:New or enhanced technologies that have the potential to drastically alter conventional security and defense paradigms are known as disruptive technologies. The paper approaches six types of disruptive technologies that have military applications: biotechnology, directed energy weapons, hypersonic weapons, artificial intelligence, autonomous weapons systems, and quantum technology. The essay examines each technology's possible advantages and disadvantages as well as how they may affect the geo-temporal framework of military operations within the international security context and the balance of power in the world. The impact of disruptive technologies on the geo-temporal framework of military action is a topic of growing interest and concern. The most recent armed conflicts have reached an unprecedented level following hundreds of years of technological progress based on technical and scientific discoveries with effects on military strategy. It's becoming increasingly clear that technological superiority, together with the balance of forces, plays a major role in military conflict. New forms of cooperation and regulation are considered necessary to avoid a new arms race and ensure compliance with the rules of engagement and laws of war. This includes an ethical and constructive approach involving all stakeholders: governments, military organizations, civil society, academia, and the private sector.

CHALLENGES WITHIN THE NEW NATIONAL AND EURO-ATLANTIC RESILIENCE CONTEXT

CHALLENGES WITHIN THE NEW NATIONAL AND EURO-ATLANTIC RESILIENCE CONTEXT
(CHALLENGES WITHIN THE NEW NATIONAL AND EURO-ATLANTIC RESILIENCE CONTEXT)

Author(s):Titus-Vlad GALANTON, Florin-Vasile RADU
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:55-65
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:paradigm; resilience; emerging technologies; anti-satellite warfare; cyber warfare
Summary/Abstract:In an era characterized by contested geopolitical landscapes and the emergence of diverse threats, the resilience of states in the face of these challenges requires increasingly complex analysis. At the heart of the analysis is the role of NATO and its strategic evolution in response to these threats generated by new technologies that also require innovative strategies. In this context, current strategies used by national and Euro-Atlantic entities to enhance military resilience will be assessed. Thus, new threats require new international collaborations, as can be seen in the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian conflict. In this context, reference will also be made to a shift in the paradigm of military strategy after the Cold War, highlighting the imperative of resilience in the face of contemporary challenges. The aim of the article is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the need to implement collective and proactive defense mechanisms and policies that can effectively overcome the obstacles posed by the geopolitical arena of the 21st century.

NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE AND THE DYNAMICS OF POWER BALANCE

NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE AND THE DYNAMICS OF POWER BALANCE
(NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE AND THE DYNAMICS OF POWER BALANCE)

Author(s):Petru Marius SABOU
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:66-72
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:supranational structures; anarchy; balance of power; military capabilities; cooperation.
Summary/Abstract:The balance of power is considered to be a self-help mechanism, support, and cooperation in an anarchic international system, specifically one in which there are no supranational structures to impose specific behaviors or decisions on states. Both balancing and alignment are considered attributes of the balance of power, and balancing against the Soviet Union ultimately led to the formation of the North Atlantic Alliance. Thus, after the end of the Cold War, the same process helped in the reconfiguration and adaptability of the Alliance. The reconfiguration of political and national values in relation to power interests is considered a permanent process at the state level. From this perspective, it is of interest how states configure both their cooperation with other states and the development of their own military capabilities.

INVOLVEMENT OF YOUTH IN POLITICAL LIFE – A VECTOR OF DEMOCRATIC RESILIENCE

INVOLVEMENT OF YOUTH IN POLITICAL LIFE – A VECTOR OF DEMOCRATIC RESILIENCE
(INVOLVEMENT OF YOUTH IN POLITICAL LIFE – A VECTOR OF DEMOCRATIC RESILIENCE)

Author(s):Veronica DUMITRAȘCU
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:73-79
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:democratic resilience; political participation; youth participation; civic engagement; vote turnout; youth policies.
Summary/Abstract:In the context of the electoral year, an analysis of the political participation of young people is necessary because it may lead to observations that could contribute to the democratic process of voting. The participation of young voters is indicative of their engagement in promoting democratic values. The importance of the topic is relevant in the context of the 2024 elections, especially because it highlights a current and ever-present issue at the societal level, with implications at the national, regional, and/or international levels. What implications could youth political participation have for a healthy democracy? What indicators could explain youth voter absenteeism and/or their declining turnout? Why are they no longer involved in "citizen affairs"? The subject underscores the importance of the political participation of young people as an indicator of an inclusive and resilient society.

WEATHERING THE DISINFORMATION STORM IN 2024’S ELECTORAL CONTEXT

WEATHERING THE DISINFORMATION STORM IN 2024’S ELECTORAL CONTEXT
(WEATHERING THE DISINFORMATION STORM IN 2024’S ELECTORAL CONTEXT)

Author(s):Daniela MUNTEANU
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:80-88
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:disinformation; democratic resilience; societal resilience; electoral processes.
Summary/Abstract:The present study explores the effectiveness of the current framework set in place at Euro-Atlantic level to ensure societal resilience to disinformation. We delve into whether or not European societies are equipped to manage information manipulation and its effect on democracies in the context of the 2024 elections. Through a comprehensive analysis, the article examines the policies and strategies deployed to combat disinformation throughout the past decade, evaluates their effectiveness, and assesses their impact on public trust and electoral integrity. From a methodological standpoint, the paper identifies trends in disinformation tactics and their evolution, connecting the dots between disinformation and its effects on democratic resilience in a longitudinal approach. It discusses the collaborative efforts between governments, tech companies, and civil society in safeguarding democratic values against the backdrop of increasing digital manipulation. The article continues by offering insights into the most notable measures aimed at bolstering resilience to disinformation for safeguarding democratic institutions and societal cohesion. The concluding analysis delves into hurdles that need to be overcome when it comes to implementing the frameworks that have been put forth by the EU, the organisation that has championed resilience building in many aspects – societal and democratic at the forefront – throughout the past years.

ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR IMPACT ON MILITARY RESILIENCE – RESPONSE PLANNING A STUDY IN THE CONTEXT OF NATO’S LAYERED RESILIENCE CONCEPT

ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR IMPACT ON MILITARY RESILIENCE – RESPONSE PLANNING A STUDY IN THE CONTEXT OF NATO’S LAYERED RESILIENCE CONCEPT
(ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR IMPACT ON MILITARY RESILIENCE – RESPONSE PLANNING A STUDY IN THE CONTEXT OF NATO’S LAYERED RESILIENCE CONCEPT)

Author(s):Carola FREY
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:89-98
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:military resilience; response planning; artificial intelligence; civilian resilience; layered resilience; crisis management.
Summary/Abstract:NATO’s Allied Command Transformation is developing the Layered Resilience Concept, Romania being responsible for the response planning thematic working group. This study investigates how artificial intelligence will impact military resilience, especially in the field of response planning. It highlights AI’s role in accelerating decision-making and enhancing defense strategy across scenarios. Emphasizing technological advancements’ contribution to military and civilian resilience, it underscores the importance of civil-military interconnectivity. Technological strength, primarily developed by the private sector, not only boosts military flexibility but also, through collaboration, enhances societal resilience and deterrence against threats and uncertainties.

RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2024 – DIME-FIL ANALYSIS

RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2024 – DIME-FIL ANALYSIS
(RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2024 – DIME-FIL ANALYSIS)

Author(s):Raluca Elena RADU, Valentin-Lucian MAFTEI
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:99-110
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:DIME-FIL; Russian Federation; Ukraine; Black Sea.
Summary/Abstract:The current reality, increasingly characterized by ambiguity, uncertainty, and complexity, necessitates new, deep, and comprehensive analyses, as military domain analysis alone is no longer sufficient. Therefore, there is a need to approach new tools that cover a broader spectrum, including diplomatic, informational, military, and economic domains. Within this endeavor, we aim to conduct an analysis of the current security environment, with a focus on the Russian Federation, from the perspective of DIME-FIL. Through this study, we seek to provide a conducive framework for forecasting the evolution of the Russian Federation in the year 2024, employing both longitudinal analysis and a cross-sectional analysis of Russia's involvement in the conflict in Ukraine. This is intended to diagnose issues and generate hypotheses regarding the future actions of the Federation. We believe that our initiative is timely because effective anticipation of the actions of the Russian Federation in the year 2024 will enable efficient planning of forces and resources, both at the regional level and within the framework of alliances.

RESPONSE CELL – A CORNERSTONE IN PLANNING AND CONDUCTING A COMPUTER-ASSISTED EXERCISE

RESPONSE CELL – A CORNERSTONE IN PLANNING AND CONDUCTING A COMPUTER-ASSISTED EXERCISE
(RESPONSE CELL – A CORNERSTONE IN PLANNING AND CONDUCTING A COMPUTER-ASSISTED EXERCISE)

Author(s):Diana-Ioana ZINCA-EMCH, Ghiţă BÂRSAN
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:113-122
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:Response Cell (RC); Exercise Control (EXCON); Computer Assisted Exercise (CAX); Functional Area Services (FAS); Main Event List/ Main Incident List (MEL/MIL).
Summary/Abstract:The war in Ukraine directly impacted NATO’s security architecture and emphasized the importance of maintaining training at a high level not only for the Alliance’s high-readiness forces, but also for all NATO force elements. By establishing multinational battlegroups in the eastern part of NATO’s territory, it became necessary for local and NATO troops to train together to be able to fight together, if needed. Over the years, NATO forces located in Romania have constantly trained with both Romanian and Bulgarian units as part of their annual exercises, where local troops were regularly assigned as response cells for NATO forces. Recognizing the vital role played by response cells and overcoming obstacles encountered during planning and conducting these exercises, we have developed this research paper to guide response cell units toward better supporting NATO exercises.

DRONE WARS: TACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF UAS EMPLOYMENT IN DIVISION-LEVEL WET-GAP CROSSING OPERATIONS

DRONE WARS: TACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF UAS EMPLOYMENT IN DIVISION-LEVEL WET-GAP CROSSING OPERATIONS
(DRONE WARS: TACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF UAS EMPLOYMENT IN DIVISION-LEVEL WET-GAP CROSSING OPERATIONS)

Author(s):Petru-Marian VEREȘ
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:123-134
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:weaponized drones; land tactics; combined arms maneuver; integration and employment; land operations; autonomous sensor; target engagement.
Summary/Abstract:The current Russian–Ukraine war revealed a new key capability that significantly changed land tactics and combined arms maneuver, shifting the odds of success in favor of the unit that employs it in a more effective way. Weaponized drones have been widely used in this conflict and there are many lessons to be learned, regarding their integration into army land tactics, their employment throughout the battlespace, and possible ways of countering their actions and effects. This research endeavor is constructed on a qualitative analysis of the data collected through content analysis and comparative analysis methods, and considers the implications of the employment of drones in wet-gap crossing operations, by focusing on how they affect land tactics and maneuver, in order to create a better understanding of the future battlespace and offer refined ways of employing drone equipped land tactical units.

MAPPING DATA SHOES’ IMPACT ON THE BATTLEFIELD: EXPLORING CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR TACTICAL LEVEL SUB-UNIT TRAINING WITH MULTIPLE INTEGRATED LASER ENGAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN MODELING AND SIMULATION

MAPPING DATA SHOES’ IMPACT ON THE BATTLEFIELD: EXPLORING CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR TACTICAL LEVEL SUB-UNIT TRAINING WITH MULTIPLE INTEGRATED LASER ENGAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN MODELING AND SIMULATION
(MAPPING DATA SHOES’ IMPACT ON THE BATTLEFIELD: EXPLORING CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR TACTICAL LEVEL SUB-UNIT TRAINING WITH MULTIPLE INTEGRATED LASER ENGAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN MODELING AND SIMULATION)

Author(s):Claudiu Dumitru VESA, Adina Nicoleta STRIAN
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:135-143
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:gait analysis; pressure distribution; patient database; military boots; biomechanics.
Summary/Abstract:Current studies emphasize the importance of accurate measurement of foot pressure distribution in identifying and treating the root causes of biomechanical problems. Against this backdrop, the use of an integrated footwear system, such as tactical footwear, becomes essential for the prevention of some conditions and for the effective management of effort, leading to the reduction of fatigue and blood pressure and consequently to the improvement of physical endurance on the battlefield. The present study aims to investigate the mapping of data regarding ultra-thin footwear force and pressure and their impact on influencing movement in the military environment. We have analysed the gait of 30 military students using the F-Scan64, a wireless in-shoe system equipped with micro-sized electronics. The results highlight the importance of data analysis of movement and weight distribution in order to better identify the risk factors and facilitate the implementation of preventive measures. Consequently, instructors will be able to accurately assess individual performance, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of tactical training.

CONCEPTS REGARDING THE USE OF NAVAL DRONES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A MARITIME EXCLUSION ZONE AT THE BLACK SEA

CONCEPTS REGARDING THE USE OF NAVAL DRONES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A MARITIME EXCLUSION ZONE AT THE BLACK SEA
(CONCEPTS REGARDING THE USE OF NAVAL DRONES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A MARITIME EXCLUSION ZONE AT THE BLACK SEA)

Author(s):Marius MĂNĂILĂ, Alin DOGARU
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:144-150
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:Black Sea; maritime exclusion zone; naval drones; naval forces; surveillance; strategy; technology; potential; threats.
Summary/Abstract:In this article we want to make a detailed analysis focusing on the strategic potential of naval drones in establishing a maritime prohibition zone in the Black Sea, offering a comprehensive perspective on the impact of this technology in a complex geopolitical context. By highlighting the advantages, challenges and geopolitical implications, this study aims to reveal how the use of naval drones can influence regional security and the management of sea lanes. During the paper we will analyze the advantages brought by naval drones, emphasizing the possibility of effective surveillance of maritime areas and their ability to provide a rapid response to potential threats. Comparing these capabilities with traditional maritime surveillance methods highlights the efficiency and flexibility that naval drones can bring to the creation and maintenance of a maritime no-go zone in the Black Sea. The research methods we proposed to use are predictive, as this observation and attack platform is still at the beginning of the road and we do not have concrete data in this regard, as well as the comparison, to be able to emphasize the advantages of this new technology . The analysis expands on the case study, providing concrete examples of the use of naval drones in various strategic scenarios in the Black Sea. It shows how this technology can contribute to preventing illegal activities and countering threats to national security, thus strengthening Romania's strategic position in the region. In addition, the geopolitical and diplomatic implications are examined, anticipating the reactions of riparian states and assessing the diplomacy required to successfully implement a maritime no-go zone. By bringing into discussion the specific challenges of the Black Sea, such as geo-climatic factors and cyber security, this study aims to provide a balanced approach to the implementation of this technology in a complex strategic environment.

USE-CASES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARY SYSTEM

USE-CASES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARY SYSTEM
(USE-CASES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARY SYSTEM)

Author(s):Alexandra-Codruța NEAGU, Bogdan-Iulian CIUBOTARU
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:151-155
No. of Pages:5
Keywords:Artificial Intelligence (AI); Machine Learning; AI military use-cases; military system; modern warfare.
Summary/Abstract:Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into various sectors, including social media, online services, and complex systems like text and image generation, health condition detection, and sentiment analysis. Its role in military systems is equally significant, enhancing capabilities in areas such as combat equipment, mission planning, virtual reality simulations, and cybersecurity. This paper aims to provide a common understanding of various Artificial Intelligence applications, which have the potential to become dual-use applications: civilian and military. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of adopting AI in current and future defense systems. AI-enabled applications in military systems may lead to superior results in planning, target identification, and image recognition. Consequently, the existence of modern applications in the defense field would minimize errors and increase productivity. This article explores several AI use-cases in the defense sector, emphasizing scenarios where human-AI collaboration is expected to increase due to new and advanced technologies. By integrating new learning and training methods, it is expected that the capabilities of military personnel will evolve, leading to a more adaptive and responsive force.

MODELLING AND SIMULATION AS A SERVICE (MSaaS) PLATFORMS – THE ROAD TO NATO MSaaS PORTAL

MODELLING AND SIMULATION AS A SERVICE (MSaaS) PLATFORMS – THE ROAD TO NATO MSaaS PORTAL
(MODELLING AND SIMULATION AS A SERVICE (MSaaS) PLATFORMS – THE ROAD TO NATO MSaaS PORTAL)

Author(s):Elena-Lavinia IAGĂRU
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:156-168
No. of Pages:13
Keywords:modelling; simulation; service; platform; portal; interoperability; reuse.
Summary/Abstract:In recent years, Modelling and Simulation as a Service(MsaaS) has represented one of the research directions towards which NATO has focused its efforts, thus the research groups established at the level of the NATO Modelling and Simulation Group (NMSG), had as their main objective the development and implementation of the concept within the Alliance. An MSaaS Platform represents the concrete applicability of the concept, therefore, in the specialized literature, we can identify a series of MSaaS Platforms, some based on the reference architecture proposed by NATO, and others adopting only some of its specific elements. The study of the existing MSaaS Platforms allows the identification of the current state of MSaaS implementation in the military field, providing an overview of the desirable finality of the research efforts - NATO's MSaaS Portal. The implementation of an MSaaS Portal in NATO will bring considerable benefits in the sphere of modelling and simulation, ensuring flexibility, timeliness and efficiency at low costs.

PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES ON DRONE AUTONOMY

PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES ON DRONE AUTONOMY
(PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES ON DRONE AUTONOMY)

Author(s):Cătălin BALMUȘ
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:169-176
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:drone; autonomous; automated; autonomy levels; artificial intelligence.
Summary/Abstract:Starting with the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and extending to Nagorno-Karabakh and Ukraine, unmanned systems have played a significant role in the conduct of operations. However, they have generally been operated in a context that required remote control, with limited automation, and only for functions such as take-off and landing. In the near future, these aircraft will evolve and become increasingly autonomous, eventually transforming into true robotic systems. However, when human concepts such as intelligence, autonomy, or emotion are assigned as descriptors for machines, such as autonomous systems, intelligent robots, sensing robots, etc., confusion can arise. At the same time, it is necessary to consider the ethics of using these systems, especially when it involves technology deciding when human lives are taken.

HPC COMPUTING IMPACT IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

HPC COMPUTING IMPACT IN MILITARY OPERATIONS
(HPC COMPUTING IMPACT IN MILITARY OPERATIONS)

Author(s):Marius PETREA, Gabriel Cristinel NEACȘU, Bogdan-Iulian CIUBOTARU
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:177-181
No. of Pages:5
Keywords:High Performance Computing (HPC); Information technology; HPC military use-cases; military system; computing power.
Summary/Abstract:In the current military system, different activities are fundamentally based on information and information technology usage. These key elements are closely interlinked and even dependent on the current High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems. These systems may have an increased impact in military operations, both through the benefits of increasing the quantity of processed data and reducing the response time of systems necessary for carrying out activities, and by elevating the risk factor through accentuating the possibilities of creating security breaches. A prime example is the depreciation of current encryption techniques and algorithms used to safeguard and transfer information within military entities. Another factor highlighting the impact of HPC technology is the hybrid nature of its operation, utilizing central processors from computing clusters and graphical processors for the execution of associated tasks. These can serve interdisciplinary military activities in a parallel manner. This paper aims to offer an overview for the new generation of computing systems, HPCs, and to emphasize their use in military operations.

ENHANCING MILITARY COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FACE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WARFARE ENVIRONMENT THREATS

ENHANCING MILITARY COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FACE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WARFARE ENVIRONMENT THREATS
(ENHANCING MILITARY COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FACE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WARFARE ENVIRONMENT THREATS)

Author(s):Denisa PETRAȘCU, Alina PLĂPĂMARU
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:182-191
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:Electromagnetic Warfare; Electromagnetic Spectrum; Cyber-Electromagnetic Environment; Spectrum Management; Electronic Warfare Operations; Communication Security.
Summary/Abstract:The topic involves the intersection of military communication technologies and the challenges posed by the electromagnetic warfare environment. It explores how advancements in communication technologies must address threats arising from electronic warfare, cyber-attacks, and the complex spectrum of electromagnetic frequencies. Key considerations include ensuring secure and resilient communication channels, managing the electromagnetic spectrum effectively, and employing countermeasures to mitigate cyber-electromagnetic threats. This dynamic landscape demands a holistic approach to safeguard military communication capabilities in the face of evolving technological and strategic challenges. One of the most known solutions is related to the integration of electronic countermeasures to defend against signal jamming, interference, and other electronic warfare tactics that aim to disrupt or compromise communication systems. The modern approach is the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms to enhance threat detection capabilities, identifying and responding to anomalous patterns indicative of potential electronic warfare or cyber-attacks.

UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLES DEVELOPMENT IN NATO

UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLES DEVELOPMENT IN NATO
(UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLES DEVELOPMENT IN NATO)

Author(s):Artur MACHADO, Alexandra MOUTINHO, Miguel PINHO, Tiago SILVA
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:192-201
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:Unmanned Ground Vehicle; Autonomous Vehicle; Sensors; Control; Machine Learning; Defence; Autonomy.
Summary/Abstract:In recent years, society has witnessed an impressive race for Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) capabilities. The development of UGVs is directly linked to sensors, processors and actuators and can be approached through a modular pipeline consisting of perception, localization, planning, and control, or through an end-to-end pipeline. The applications of UGVs on the battlefield are numerous and of clear interest to NATO, which has motivated several initiatives by member countries for the development and enhancement of this capability.

SYSTEMATIC ACTIONS EXECUTED WITH UNDERWATER DRONES IN THE BLACK SEA

SYSTEMATIC ACTIONS EXECUTED WITH UNDERWATER DRONES IN THE BLACK SEA
(SYSTEMATIC ACTIONS EXECUTED WITH UNDERWATER DRONES IN THE BLACK SEA)

Author(s):Alin DOGARU, Marius MĂNĂILĂ
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:202-210
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:systematic actions; underwater drone; maritime space; submarine; detection; maritime security.
Summary/Abstract:In the current geopolitical context, the Black Sea has become a high-intensity theater of operations, particularly focusing on the development and deployment of advanced technologies such as underwater drones. These autonomous underwater vehicles are a crucial component in defense and surveillance strategies, offering expanded capabilities for tactical and reconnaissance operations. In this article, I aimed to emphasize the importance of using underwater drones in systematic actions in the Black Sea, these systems being increasingly used in conflicts on a global scale. In order to achieve this approach, we established the identification of the impact of the introduction of a new technology in the underwater field for the detection, interception, and destruction of other underwater combat means. I also want to identify the role of the underwater drone in military actions in the Black Sea. The most recent events in Ukraine, with a major impact on military developments, bring back to attention the situation of developments regarding this new means of combat that goes beyond the military field, entering the wider field of security. Equipping the Naval Forces with underwater drones is a necessity, as they are a new stage of military innovation. The introduction and operation of underwater drones in the Black Sea opens new horizons for maritime security. However, it is essential that these technologies are used under the principles of international law and that their impact on regional stability is taken into account.

ANALYSIS OF SUBMARINE OPERATIONS IN SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS – THE BLACK SEA

ANALYSIS OF SUBMARINE OPERATIONS IN SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS – THE BLACK SEA
(ANALYSIS OF SUBMARINE OPERATIONS IN SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS – THE BLACK SEA)

Author(s):Marian-Vasile SAVA
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:211-218
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:characteristics of the Black Sea; semi-enclosed seas; submarine operations; operational requirements; underwater operations.
Summary/Abstract:The article examines the physical-geographical and military peculiarities of semi-enclosed seas, with the goal of analyzing the impact of these characteristics on the use of submarines. It will be demonstrated that their mode of operation is influenced by the specific features of this zone. The study addresses the following objectives: identification and analysis of the characteristics of a semi-enclosed sea from a physical-geographical, military, and human activities perspective, along with a brief analysis of their impact on the operation of submarine platforms in the Black Sea. The first part of the paper highlights the characteristics of a semi-enclosed sea, which are relevant to underwater operations. The second part emphasizes how physical-geographical, military characteristics, and human activities in semi-enclosed seas impact submarine operations. Certain characteristics of submarines suitable for operations in such areas are identified. The novelty of this article lies in the identification of the connection between semi-enclosed seas and the operating mode of submarines; additionally, it identifies technical and operational requirements for submarines that it would be opportune for the Romanian Navy to acquire.

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE EVOLUTION AND USEFULNESS OF HELICOPTERS IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE EVOLUTION AND USEFULNESS OF HELICOPTERS IN MILITARY OPERATIONS
(CONSIDERATIONS ON THE EVOLUTION AND USEFULNESS OF HELICOPTERS IN MILITARY OPERATIONS)

Author(s):Cristian-Octavian STANCIU, Cristian - Tiberiu CRISTESCU
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:219-227
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:air support; air deployment; capability; evolution; air mobility; helicopters.
Summary/Abstract:From basic to advanced, the doctrinal evolution, in conjunction with that of technology, paints a modern image for today's battlefield and the operational environment, both frequently transformable and continuously adaptable. The vertical axis component offers a different view of the battlespace, developing principles of combat that can be a game changer. Helicopters used in all types of military operations add value to army or naval forces in a binomial use.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN TACTICAL COMMUNICATION FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN TACTICAL COMMUNICATION FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS
(RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN TACTICAL COMMUNICATION FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS)

Author(s):Alina-Florentina PLĂPĂMARU, Denisa PETRAȘCU
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:228-236
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:Command and Control; TACCOM; Real-time Information Exchange; Electronic Warfare; Situational Awareness; radio systems, 5G; AI
Summary/Abstract:Tactical communications play a crucial role in military operations, serving as the backbone for coordination, command, and control on the battlefield. Effective communication is essential for ensuring the success and safety of military units. The field of research and development (R&D) in tactical military communications is dynamic and continually evolving, including major topics like: AI for optimizing communication networks, automating decision-making processes, and enhancing cognitive communication capabilities, mesh networking for decentralized communication, cognitive radio systems. The integration of unmanned systems and Internet of Things (IoT) devices into military communication networks was increasing. This trend aimed to improve situational awareness and enable more effective coordination between human-operated and autonomous systems.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE USE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS IN THE INFORMATIVE PREPARATION OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN MILITARY ART

CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE USE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS IN THE INFORMATIVE PREPARATION OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN MILITARY ART
(CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE USE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS IN THE INFORMATIVE PREPARATION OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN MILITARY ART)

Author(s):Marian HOGEA, Daniel ROMAN
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:237-246
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:military art; command center/post; artificial intelligence; resilience; societal; disruptive technology.
Summary/Abstract:The unprecedented technological development at the beginning of the 21st century was mainly attributed to the microelectronics, software, and networking industry, impacting all key areas of society: political, economic, military, social, and information infrastructures. Artificial intelligence applications hold a special place in this context, facilitating the scaling up of scientific knowledge and decoding the realities of the operational environment from a new perspective to predict crisis situations. Depending on the societal domain analyzed, the results of artificial intelligence applications have assumed new meanings in terms of proactive behavior, dedicated to command and decision components on all three levels: strategic, operational, and tactical. The informational preparation of the operational environment in military art has undergone substantial changes, encompassing the description of geographical areas, their economic and social potential, as well as understanding how military operations are influenced by identifying the complex of combat power multipliers and demultipliers. One of the major advantages of the results of artificial intelligence applications lies in the accuracy of details and the reduced time required to achieve objectives and develop solutions to military art problems, enhancing efficiency, innovation, and experience in solving crisis situations. In the context of current military crisis situations, such as the war in Ukraine or the conflict in the Gaza Strip, Artificial Intelligence seeks to become a measuring, operational, and remedial tool at the disposal of researchers and decision-makers. In this article, we draw the attention of military specialists and beyond to the directions in which artificial intelligence applications can be exploited, offering not just a summary of possibilities, but rather a computer-aided working methodology for what we have called “Battle Smart – Command Center”.

CAN MULTI-DOMAIN INTEGRATION BE THE RESPONSE TO HYBRID THREATS? ARGUMENTS AND COUNTER-ARGUMENTS

CAN MULTI-DOMAIN INTEGRATION BE THE RESPONSE TO HYBRID THREATS? ARGUMENTS AND COUNTER-ARGUMENTS
(CAN MULTI-DOMAIN INTEGRATION BE THE RESPONSE TO HYBRID THREATS? ARGUMENTS AND COUNTER-ARGUMENTS)

Author(s):András MEZŐ, Mariann TÁNCZOS
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:249-256
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:multi-domain operation; multi-domain integration; hybrid threats; all-government approach; new and emerging threats; asymmetric threats.
Summary/Abstract:The vision of the multi-domain operations (MDO) concept, which promotes the principles of Unity, Interconnectivity, Creativity, and Agility, is to prepare, plan, orchestrate, and execute synchronized activities across all domains and environments at scale and speed in collaboration with other instruments of power, stakeholders, and actors. This delivers tailored options at the right time and place that build advantage in shaping, contesting, and fighting and present dilemmas that decisively influence the attitudes and behaviours of adversaries and relevant audiences. The vision raises the question of whether the idea can be used to counter hybrid threats. The study employs comparative analysis to investigate the potential applications of the MDO concept in combating new multifaceted threats, such as hybrid warfare. The preliminary findings indicate that MDO is not only a more complete concept that can be successfully applied to a larger range of difficulties but also a suitable response to hybrid threats.

MULTI-DOMAIN COMMAND AND CONTROL – AN ADAPTATION REQUIREMENT FOR THE ROMANIAN ARMED FORCES

MULTI-DOMAIN COMMAND AND CONTROL – AN ADAPTATION REQUIREMENT FOR THE ROMANIAN ARMED FORCES
(MULTI-DOMAIN COMMAND AND CONTROL – AN ADAPTATION REQUIREMENT FOR THE ROMANIAN ARMED FORCES)

Author(s):George-Ion TOROI
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:257-270
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:conflict; operating environment (OE); adaptation; command and control (C2); multi-domain; decision; operational domain.
Summary/Abstract:In the dynamic landscape of contemporary warfare, characterized by the integration of multiple domains, the Romanian Army faces the imperative to evolve its command and control (C2) systems. This research paper explores the pressing need to adapt the Romanian Army's C2 framework to effectively operate in a multi-domain environment. The study analyses the challenges posed by the current character of warfare by examining the conceptual foundations of multi-domain operations (MDO). Furthermore, it explores the operational need for such an adaptation requirement, but also provides guidance on how to do this using a standard C2 framework.

MILITARY MOBILITY IN EUROPE, A BRIDGE FOR NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) – EUROPEAN UNION (EU) COOPERATION

MILITARY MOBILITY IN EUROPE, A BRIDGE FOR NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) – EUROPEAN UNION (EU) COOPERATION
(MILITARY MOBILITY IN EUROPE, A BRIDGE FOR NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) – EUROPEAN UNION (EU) COOPERATION)

Author(s):Cătălina Ionela MANOLACHE, Aurelian Eusebio MANOLACHE
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:271-278
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:military mobility; cooperation; partnership; NATO; EU.
Summary/Abstract:Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and its long-term effects on European security have led to a closer relationship between the EU and NATO. Military mobility is a „flagship” of the EU-NATO cooperation, serving as an instrument for the continuation of the projects regarding the Transatlantic defence. This article examines the main areas that can improve the partnership between the two security organizations, with a focus on the military mobility project.

PARTICULARS REGARDING TEACHING STYLE IN MILITARY PHYSICAL EDUCATION

PARTICULARS REGARDING TEACHING STYLE IN MILITARY PHYSICAL EDUCATION
(PARTICULARS REGARDING TEACHING STYLE IN MILITARY PHYSICAL EDUCATION)

Author(s):Alin-Dumitru PELMUȘ, Ion ANDREI
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:279-286
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:teaching style; military physical education; instructor; teaching-learning process; training process.
Summary/Abstract:The topic addressed in this paper, namely the teaching style in military physical education, has been rather little addressed and studied by specialists in the field. Therefore, in the first part of the article, the teaching style valid for any instructive-educational process is conceptualized and defined, according to the specialized literature. Then, based on the contributions of psycho-pedagogical researchers, the typology and classification of the teaching style in general, but also specific to the teaching process in the field of physical education, are presented. In the second part, the aspects related to the teaching style in the field of military physical education are addressed. Considering the fact that in order to fulfill the objectives set by this category of instruction, a particularly complex training process must be completed, the main purpose of the article is to determine the specialists in the field of military physical education not to focus on a certain educational style, but to try to adopt a combined one, adapted to the needs of the group, level and stage of training.

ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SECURITY ENVIRONMENT THROUGH VUCA

ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SECURITY ENVIRONMENT THROUGH VUCA
(ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SECURITY ENVIRONMENT THROUGH VUCA)

Author(s):Valentin-Lucian MAFTEI, Raluca Elena RADU
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:287-292
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:VUCA; security environment; adaptive strategies.
Summary/Abstract:The current security model and its trends bring to the fore ever more diverse challenges on global security. Thus, we are talking about an unpredictable and rapidly fluctuating environment, in which the decision-makers are facing sudden and complex changes, and the classical approaches becoming increasingly inadequate. In this article, we intend to analyze the specific challenges of this new security context, characterized by VUCA (volatility, uncertainty, complexity, ambiguity), and to identify possible forms of response to these challenges. Following the first direction, we will highlight the influence of VUCA on the current security environment by analyzing the 4 dimensions: volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity. Volatility in security is fueled by geopolitical changes, regional conflicts, climate change, and the rise of non-state actors such as terrorist groups and evil cyber organizations. Uncertainty adds another dimension by the difficulty of anticipating changes and making precise threat assessments. The complexity of security comes from the interconnections between actors and risk factors, including, requiring multidisciplinary approaches and international collaboration. Ambiguity in threat assessment can lead to suboptimal decisions and can be amplified by disinformation and propaganda. In the second direction, we will highlight the need for adaptive strategies to be flexible, and resilient, and to include international collaboration in order to successfully respond to VUCA challenges. The use of advanced technology and the development of anticipation and risk management capabilities are also essential in this context. At the end of the paper, we will argue that adaptive strategies are crucial in the VUCA environment of global security, ensuring an effective and adaptable approach to dealing with threats in an uncertain and ever-changing world

UNCONVENTIONAL ACTIONS MAJOR IMPACT FOR FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION IN CONFLICT AREAS

UNCONVENTIONAL ACTIONS MAJOR IMPACT FOR FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION IN CONFLICT AREAS
(UNCONVENTIONAL ACTIONS MAJOR IMPACT FOR FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION IN CONFLICT AREAS)

Author(s):Valentin – Marian TOMA
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:293-300
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:freedom of navigation; merchant trade; lines of communication; piracy; missile attacks; drift mines; drones; effects; unconventional actions.
Summary/Abstract:Navies were primarily created for the protection of merchant trade, with the mission of ensuring freedom of navigation on communication sea lines so that nations could prosper from commercial trade. The unconventional actions of some state or non-state actors affect the freedom of navigation in certain maritime spaces and thus cause the emergence of regional security crises and implicitly the shaping of economic crises. In this article, we have selected three maritime spaces where state and non-state actors use unconventional actions to disrupt and even prohibit freedom of navigation for commercial vessels. The international community is aware of the danger posed by these unconventional actions and is responding promptly and decisively through the actions of their military vessels in order to provide an adequate response and maintain freedom of navigation.

HISTORY OF THE MOUNTAIN TROOPS – FROM NECESSITY TO ESTABLISHMENT –

HISTORY OF THE MOUNTAIN TROOPS – FROM NECESSITY TO ESTABLISHMENT –
(HISTORY OF THE MOUNTAIN TROOPS – FROM NECESSITY TO ESTABLISHMENT –)

Author(s):Cristian-Octavian STANCIU, Cristian - Tiberiu CRISTESCU
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:301-307
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:Romanian Army; mountain troops; treaty; military campaigns; establishment.
Summary/Abstract:The need to defend the country in order to preserve its territorial integrity, combined with the geopolitical situation in the 19th century, led the decision-makers of that time to rethink the organization and equipping needs of the army. The predominantly mountainous terrain in the central area gave rise to the idea of setting up special troops to operate in the Alpine environment – the mountain troops.

AGILE COMBAT EMPLOYMENT: A PARADIGM SHIFT IN MODERN WARFARE

AGILE COMBAT EMPLOYMENT: A PARADIGM SHIFT IN MODERN WARFARE
(AGILE COMBAT EMPLOYMENT: A PARADIGM SHIFT IN MODERN WARFARE)

Author(s):Ioana-Iulia MARCU, Bogdan-Mihai IVAN
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:308-314
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:agile; employment; capabilities; airpower; operations.
Summary/Abstract:Agile Combat Employment (ACE) is a transformative concept in modern warfare that aims to enhance operational flexibility, resilience and effectiveness in military activities. This paper explores the key principles, benefits, and challenges associated with ACE, analyzing its potential in adapting to evolving threats and achieving mission success in highly contested environments. By fostering decentralized decision-making, prioritizing mobility, and optimizing multi-domain operations, ACE provides a framework that lays the foundation for responsive and adaptable military forces. Despite its inherent advantages, however, implementing ACE requires overcoming various logistical, doctrinal, and cultural barriers. By delving into pertinent case studies and best practices, the paper offers insights into how militaries can effectively integrate ACE into their operational practices, ultimately shaping the future of warfare.

GENERATION AND DEPLOYMENT OF FORCES PARTICIPATING IN UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS FROM A LOGISTICAL PERSPECTIVE

GENERATION AND DEPLOYMENT OF FORCES PARTICIPATING IN UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS FROM A LOGISTICAL PERSPECTIVE
(GENERATION AND DEPLOYMENT OF FORCES PARTICIPATING IN UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS FROM A LOGISTICAL PERSPECTIVE)

Author(s):Gabriela Florina NICOARĂ
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:315-322
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:operational logistics; force generation; deployment; UN operations; peacekeeping operations.
Summary/Abstract:As part of the North Atlantic Alliance, in the context of Romania's strategic partnership with the United States of America, as well as an active participant in Non-Article 5 operations and EU peace operations, the Romanian Army has reaffirmed its position as a credible partner in relation to the structures with which it has deployed missions. At the national level, the Joint Forces Headquarters has the leading role in operations conducted outside the national territory and is the translator of the strategic level concept to the tactical level execution elements. Through its plans, it promotes, above all, the synchronization of operations and the multiplication of efforts through the concept of 'joint' operations. In this context, the Romanian Army has extensive experience in force assessment, transfer of authority from the generator, deployment to theatres of operations, command and control during missions, and facilitating logistic support in a multinational context or through national responsibility alone. Over time, Romania has experienced episodes relevant to its preparedness through participation in peacekeeping operations under the aegis of the UN, actions carried out as a materialization of Romanian political concern for peacekeeping and international stability. The geostrategic and geopolitical context specific to the last twenty years has led to a shift of attention from this issue to response measures to counter the effects of threats to security and stability. As a result of focusing the main effort on strengthening the defense of the national territory and putting other aspects related to the promotion of national defense and security policies on the back burner, there is a need to update the whole spectrum of information, both procedural and operational aspects related to the specificities of UN-led operations. One argument in this respect is the transposition of the national political will, in the form of a decision of the Supreme Council of National Defence, to provide forces for participation in UN peacekeeping operations. In this context, the present research aims to highlight the mechanisms of force generation in the UN context and the particularities underlying the logistical provision of forces participating in peacekeeping missions.

IDENTIFICATION OF SOME FUNCTIONAL MODELS OF MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGIES

IDENTIFICATION OF SOME FUNCTIONAL MODELS OF MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGIES
(IDENTIFICATION OF SOME FUNCTIONAL MODELS OF MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGIES)

Author(s):Iulian-George ANGHEL, Lucian Valeriu SCIPANOV
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:323-331
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:maritime security strategy; maritime security; institutional cooperation.
Summary/Abstract:In the light of the current security environment, especially in the maritime environment, the present paper proposes to carry out an analysis of some maritime security strategies implemented worldwide, highlighting the distinct approaches adopted by various key actors in the field of maritime security. The final goal of this endeavour is to identify some relevant models of maritime security strategies and to analyse the opportunity for Romania to implement an appropriate model of maritime strategy. For the complete coverage of the subject addressed, were set the following objectives: the conceptual delimitation of the term strategy from the maritime security point of view, followed by the argumentation of the importance of international and regional cooperation in the maritime domain. Some examples of states that have implemented a National Maritime Security Strategy and their approach will be used as a working methodology, to identify models of Maritime Security Strategies that can also be adopted at the regional level. Also, the research looks at the adaptability of the maritime strategy in the context of technological progress. The novelty element of this article consists in the comparative analysis of the various models of Maritime Security Strategies, highlighting the unique aspects and particularities of each, at the same time offering a possible solution for Romania in the situation of initiating the procedures for the development of a national Maritime Security Strategy.

DEVELOPMENTS OF THE COMMUNITY FISCAL POLICY

DEVELOPMENTS OF THE COMMUNITY FISCAL POLICY
(DEVELOPMENTS OF THE COMMUNITY FISCAL POLICY)

Author(s):Dănuța Mădălina SCIPANOV
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:332-341
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:fiscal policy; community taxation; economic measures; taxation.
Summary/Abstract:In this article, a comparative analysis of the evolution of the community tax policy is carried out, from the perspective of the national policy as well as at the level of the European Union. Thus, by comparing the two fiscal systems, regarding the fiscal approach at the level of some member states, it will be possible to highlight the particularities of fiscal competitiveness and the impact of taxation on the economy of the European Union. Taxation is a historical result of the social, political, and economic environment at the global, regional, or national level and implicitly individually. It starts from the assumption that the state of development of a state is dependent to a significant extent on the history of its fiscal system, and on the way it is designed and functions. The concern for the study of fiscal policy and the state budget was generated by the importance that a government must give to these monetary policy instruments. National taxation represents one of the most dynamic phenomena in the market economy, through which the public authority establishes not only the coordinates of the setting, collection, and control of taxes and fees but also their use more or less as a balancing tool of the management directions of the market. The elaboration of the fiscal policy is a particularly complex act of decision based on the efficiency criterion, that is, the need to establish and obtain the highest possible return on it with the existing resources. The purpose of fiscal policies is to ensure the mobilization of public revenues as high as possible, under the conditions of encouraging economic affairs and investments, simultaneously with the promotion of equity in everyone's contribution to revenues, with the assurance of social protection and the well-being of the individual. The article, from an epistemological and practical point of view, deals with the issue of taxation and the state budget in Romania, constituting, at the same time, a challenge that supports developments and additions on the part of those interested. Therefore, the novelty of this article starts from the existing realities in the European Union and details a wide spectrum of problems regarding the role of states in the economy, the mechanism of taxation and its improvement under the conditions of macroeconomic stabilization; analyzes the level of taxation in Romania and at the level of the European Union; compares the existing levels of taxation in the European Union, analyzing fiscal competition and the effects on legal entities.

NATO-RUSSIA CONCEPTUAL DIFFERENCES RELATED TO HYBRID THREATS IN THE MARITIME DOMAIN

NATO-RUSSIA CONCEPTUAL DIFFERENCES RELATED TO HYBRID THREATS IN THE MARITIME DOMAIN
(NATO-RUSSIA CONCEPTUAL DIFFERENCES RELATED TO HYBRID THREATS IN THE MARITIME DOMAIN)

Author(s):Adrian Ionuț BĂLAN, Remus Daniel PINTILII
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:342-352
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:threats; hybrid; maritime; NATO; Russia.
Summary/Abstract:The purpose of this article is to analyze the conceptual and strategic differences between NATO and Russia regarding the management of hybrid threats in the maritime domain. It emphasizes how the two entities perceive and approach maritime security, highlighting the contrast between NATO's approach, which is centered on collective defense, democratic principles, and international cooperation, and Russia's strategy, focused on the use of force and hybrid tactics to extend its influence and challenge the existing international order. The article underscores the importance of dialogue and international cooperation in effectively addressing security challenges in an increasingly globalized and interconnected maritime environment. It argues that confronting hybrid threats requires a multidimensional and flexible perspective, capable of integrating various capabilities and promoting innovative solutions to ensure maritime security and prevent the escalation of tensions. Through this comparative analysis, the article contributes to the understanding of the complexities and dynamics of current maritime security, emphasizing the need for a proactive and adaptable approach to navigate the landscape of international security marked by hybrid threats and increasing geopolitical tensions.

SEMI-PERMANENT FACILITIES – CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING THE ADAPTABILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF ROMANIAN MILITARY INFRASTRUCTURE

SEMI-PERMANENT FACILITIES – CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING THE ADAPTABILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF ROMANIAN MILITARY INFRASTRUCTURE
(SEMI-PERMANENT FACILITIES – CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING THE ADAPTABILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF ROMANIAN MILITARY INFRASTRUCTURE)

Author(s):Adina SEGAL
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:355-365
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:military infrastructure; military constructions; semi-permanent facilities; construction legislation; military regulations.
Summary/Abstract:In the rapidly evolving landscape of today’s world, where change is the only constant, the ability to adapt swiftly and efficiently to new circumstances has become essential. Even more so in the realm of military infrastructure where the implementation of a real estate investment is not only a costly and time-consuming endeavour but also filled with complexity due to the necessity to comply with both national legislative frameworks and departmental regulations. This article explores the regulations and technical solutions for semi-permanent constructions, a category of structures that hold the potential to provide the armed forces with the necessary facilities promptly and under economically efficient conditions. Beyond merely outlining the current regulations for military infrastructure, the aim is to offer a forward-looking perspective by concluding with a series of considerations on how to better regulate semi-permanent facilities and increase efficiency in the provision of military facilities.

SMART CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES IN THE WORLD'S CITIES: AN ESSENTIAL STEP FOR THE QUALITY OF LIFE

SMART CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES IN THE WORLD'S CITIES: AN ESSENTIAL STEP FOR THE QUALITY OF LIFE
(SMART CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES IN THE WORLD'S CITIES: AN ESSENTIAL STEP FOR THE QUALITY OF LIFE)

Author(s):Miruna-Alexandra CIOSU
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:366-375
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:critical infrastructures; quality of life; sustainability; durability.
Summary/Abstract:Critical infrastructure is the backbone of our economy, security, and societal well-being. We rely on critical infrastructure when we turn on the lights at home, drink water, travel using transportation, or use any means of communication. Urbanization, globalization, and the interdependence of physical and digital infrastructures have a significant impact on our economy and society, leading to the design of smart cities. Therefore, safe, efficient, sustainable, and resilient infrastructure is essential for maintaining a high quality of life. In this article, the aim is to highlight the impact of critical infrastructure on the quality of life. The main objective of the article is to inform the public about the importance of investing in and efficiently managing critical infrastructure to ensure access to essential services, resilience in emergency situations, innovation through cutting-edge infrastructure technologies, and contribution to sustainable development.

CYBERSECURITY WITHIN CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES

CYBERSECURITY WITHIN CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES
(CYBERSECURITY WITHIN CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES)

Author(s):Sabina-Trandafira ROȘCA
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:376-385
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:Cybersecurity; critical infrastructures; evolution; cyberattacks; cyber threats.
Summary/Abstract:Cybersecurity in critical infrastructures is a major concern in the contemporary world. As people are increasingly dependent on technology and digitally interconnected, cybersecurity has become a vital element in protecting critical infrastructures. This interdependence brings risks and threats to the fundamental systems that support the functioning of modern society. Governments, organizations, and society as a whole must protect critical infrastructure against cyber threats by implementing advanced technical cybersecurity measures, creating integrated policies and strategies, fostering collaboration between the public and private sectors, and continuously investing in research and development to anticipate and counter emerging threats in the cybersecurity domain.

IOT AND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES: TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION AND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS

IOT AND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES: TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION AND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS
(IOT AND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES: TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION AND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS)

Author(s):Eliza-Mihaela CĂLIN
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:386-394
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:internet of things; security; critical infrastructures.
Summary/Abstract:The Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept that defines the communication and relationship between different types of devices through the Internet (Barbu, 2023). Specifically, the Internet of Things is a network through which data and information are transferred between different devices without human intervention (Coursera, 2023). Previous analysis reveals that the increasing use of IoT devices in critical infrastructures has brought significant benefits in terms of efficiency and monitoring, but has exposed systems to increased security risks such as cyber-attacks, software vulnerabilities, or unauthorized access. However, a clear understanding of how to manage these risks has not been developed. This paper explores the growing impact of the Internet of Things on critical infrastructures and reveals significant security concerns. Critical infrastructures, such as energy or transportation systems, are becoming increasingly dependent on IoT technology, raising concerns about their vulnerability to cyber threats. The central research question addressed in this article is "What are the implications of the growth of IoT on the security of critical infrastructures and how can they be effectively managed to ensure adequate protection against cyber threats?".To answer the research question, this article is based on an interdisciplinary approach that combines theoretical analysis with concrete case studies from various critical infrastructure sectors. It will therefore analyze existing security models and propose technical solutions and risk management strategies. The results highlight the importance of prioritizing cybersecurity within critical infrastructures affected by IoT and propose solutions to effectively address identified vulnerabilities. In order to ensure the continuous and secure operation of critical systems in the IoT era, the need for proactive collaboration between cybersecurity and critical infrastructure stakeholders will be highlighted.

HYBRID WARFARE AND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES PROTECTION

HYBRID WARFARE AND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES PROTECTION
(HYBRID WARFARE AND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES PROTECTION)

Author(s):Cezara ȘOIMU, Ciprian BERAR, Marcel PETROV
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:395-403
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:hybrid warfare; critical infrastructure; vulnerabilities; protection; challenges.
Summary/Abstract:This article delves into the intricate realm of hybrid warfare and its profound impact on critical infrastructures. Hybrid warfare, characterized by a blend of conventional, irregular, and cyber tactics, presents a multifaceted threat to national security. The paper begins by defining hybrid warfare, underscoring its evolution and the complexity of its modern manifestations. It then systematically identifies and examines the key components of hybrid warfare, including cyber-attacks, information warfare, economic pressure, and the utilization of non-state actors. The focus shifts to critical infrastructures, outlining their definition, significance, and inherent vulnerabilities susceptible to hybrid threats. Through comprehensive analysis, the article highlights how these infrastructures, pivotal to a nation's functioning and security, become targets in this new age of warfare. To provide a practical perspective, case studies are presented, showcasing instances where critical infrastructures have been compromised, followed by an examination of the responses and mitigation strategies employed. The crux of the discussion lies in proposing robust protection strategies. These encompass technological solutions, policy interventions, and international collaborative efforts, aimed at fortifying infrastructures against the ingenuity of hybrid threats. The article concludes by addressing the ongoing challenges and projecting future trends in hybrid warfare tactics, emphasizing the need for adaptability and proactive defense mechanisms in safeguarding critical national assets.

SECURITY OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO PROTECTING VITAL RESOURCES

SECURITY OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO PROTECTING VITAL RESOURCES
(SECURITY OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO PROTECTING VITAL RESOURCES)

Author(s):Nicoleta MOLDOVAN-PUI
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:404-411
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:infrastructure; security; cyberattacks; conflict.
Summary/Abstract:Critical infrastructures represent the ensemble of facilities, services, and systems that are essential for the functioning of modern society. Strengthening and maximising the capabilities of all elements that make up critical infrastructures is at the core of contemporary debates at national level from a security perspective and at European and global level from an international security perspective. In the current century, critical infrastructures are much more sensitive in terms of vulnerability in the context of cyber security. Today, we are facing a future laden with uncertainties, and discussing the security of critical infrastructures can become a rather challenging task, especially since modern conflict is characterized by geopolitical, social, economic, technological, environmental, and military influences. However, sudden and unforeseen changes in society, technological developments or political developments are not always taken into account. In what follows, some topical issues of everyday life will be brought to the fore, which, by extension, are considered to be cogs in a larger system, while the minuses, shortcomings and potential threats will be addressed.

LEGAL AND OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES PROTECTION IN ROMANIA

LEGAL AND OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES PROTECTION IN ROMANIA
(LEGAL AND OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES PROTECTION IN ROMANIA)

Author(s):Andreea MIHALCEA, Alexandru ȘUHAN
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:412-417
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:Critical Infrastructures Protection; Resilience; Legal Framework; National Security; European Union Directives.
Summary/Abstract:The study analyzes Romania's framework for protecting critical infrastructures, emphasizing the impact of Government Emergency Ordinance no. 98/2010, which lays the foundation for their protection. It distinguishes between National Critical Infrastructures (ICN) and European Critical Infrastructures (ICE), underlining their importance for national security and societal functions. The text highlights the roles of stakeholders in maintaining infrastructure security and resilience, stressing the need for a strong legal and operational framework to protect against disruptions and align with EU and NATO standards.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE ESSENTIAL SECTORS AND SERVICES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES IN ROMANIA

IDENTIFICATION OF THE ESSENTIAL SECTORS AND SERVICES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES IN ROMANIA
(IDENTIFICATION OF THE ESSENTIAL SECTORS AND SERVICES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES IN ROMANIA)

Author(s):Alexandru ȘUHAN, Andreea MIHALCEA
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:418-423
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:Critical Infrastructure Protection; Essential Services; National Security; Romania; Sector Evaluation.
Summary/Abstract:The study focuses on protecting Romania's critical infrastructures, identifying essential sectors such as energy, ICT, water, health, and transport. It outlines criteria for determining an infrastructure's criticality, including indispensability, vulnerability, and functionality. The research concludes with a legislative process for safeguarding these vital sectors, emphasizing the importance of robust evaluation and protection to ensure national security and public welfare.

THE ROLE OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN ENSURING SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE

THE ROLE OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN ENSURING SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE
(THE ROLE OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN ENSURING SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE)

Author(s):Simona Cristiana UNGUREANU
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:424-431
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:economic resilience; critical infrastructures; interconnection; vulnerability; threats.
Summary/Abstract:The economic resilience of critical infrastructures is essential in an era of increasing interconnection and dependency. This article explores the complex field of critical infrastructure, highlighting both its vulnerability to numerous threats and its essential role in the functioning of modern civilisation. Focusing on the idea of economic resilience, we examine how resilient critical infrastructure is to disruptions and how quickly it recovers to minimise negative economic impacts.

NEW DIMENSIONS OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION – OFFSHORE CRITICAL ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURES

NEW DIMENSIONS OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION – OFFSHORE CRITICAL ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURES
(NEW DIMENSIONS OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION – OFFSHORE CRITICAL ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURES)

Author(s):Alexandru GEORGESCU, Maria-Mihaela GURĂU
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences
Page Range:432-442
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:offshore critical infrastructure; energy infrastructure; resilience; cyber; maritime domain.
Summary/Abstract:The Critical Infrastructure Protection paradigm is in wide use among Western allies and partners. It has registered continuous development as more critical infrastructure domains and more interdependencies are brought to light by the effects of the “perma-crisis” affecting the world in the recent years. The article highlights the issues surrounding the offshore critical infrastructure, and specifically analyzes critical energy infrastructures in a European context. These systems feature unique requirements and challenges, not just in terms of their functioning, but also for their security governance. Given the normalization of hybrid warfare against civilian critical infrastructures, as well as expected development in offshore critical energy infrastructures, national security and defense decision and policy makers must develop a better understanding of these systems.

TRANSFORMING TRANSATLANTIC SECURITY: WITH ADJECTIVES

TRANSFORMING TRANSATLANTIC SECURITY: WITH ADJECTIVES (TRANSFORMING TRANSATLANTIC SECURITY: WITH ADJECTIVES)

WHY NEW WEAPONS ARE NOT ALWAYS ENOUGH TO WIN A WAR? LESSONS FROM RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

WHY NEW WEAPONS ARE NOT ALWAYS ENOUGH TO WIN A WAR? LESSONS FROM RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR (WHY NEW WEAPONS ARE NOT ALWAYS ENOUGH TO WIN A WAR? LESSONS FROM RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR)

INTUITION IN MILITARY DECISION-MAKING: BRIDGING EXPERIENCE AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES

INTUITION IN MILITARY DECISION-MAKING: BRIDGING EXPERIENCE AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES (INTUITION IN MILITARY DECISION-MAKING: BRIDGING EXPERIENCE AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES)

HYBRID MARITIME WARFARE IN NATO DOCTRINE AND THE EU CONCEPT. IMPLICATIONS FOR ROMANIA

HYBRID MARITIME WARFARE IN NATO DOCTRINE AND THE EU CONCEPT. IMPLICATIONS FOR ROMANIA (HYBRID MARITIME WARFARE IN NATO DOCTRINE AND THE EU CONCEPT. IMPLICATIONS FOR ROMANIA)

EFFECTS OF EMERGING DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES ON MILITARY ACTION GEO-TEMPORAL FRAMEWORK

EFFECTS OF EMERGING DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES ON MILITARY ACTION GEO-TEMPORAL FRAMEWORK (EFFECTS OF EMERGING DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES ON MILITARY ACTION GEO-TEMPORAL FRAMEWORK)

CHALLENGES WITHIN THE NEW NATIONAL AND EURO-ATLANTIC RESILIENCE CONTEXT

CHALLENGES WITHIN THE NEW NATIONAL AND EURO-ATLANTIC RESILIENCE CONTEXT (CHALLENGES WITHIN THE NEW NATIONAL AND EURO-ATLANTIC RESILIENCE CONTEXT)

NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE AND THE DYNAMICS OF POWER BALANCE

NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE AND THE DYNAMICS OF POWER BALANCE (NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE AND THE DYNAMICS OF POWER BALANCE)

INVOLVEMENT OF YOUTH IN POLITICAL LIFE – A VECTOR OF DEMOCRATIC RESILIENCE

INVOLVEMENT OF YOUTH IN POLITICAL LIFE – A VECTOR OF DEMOCRATIC RESILIENCE (INVOLVEMENT OF YOUTH IN POLITICAL LIFE – A VECTOR OF DEMOCRATIC RESILIENCE)

WEATHERING THE DISINFORMATION STORM IN 2024’S ELECTORAL CONTEXT

WEATHERING THE DISINFORMATION STORM IN 2024’S ELECTORAL CONTEXT (WEATHERING THE DISINFORMATION STORM IN 2024’S ELECTORAL CONTEXT)

ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR IMPACT ON MILITARY RESILIENCE – RESPONSE PLANNING A STUDY IN THE CONTEXT OF NATO’S LAYERED RESILIENCE CONCEPT

ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR IMPACT ON MILITARY RESILIENCE – RESPONSE PLANNING A STUDY IN THE CONTEXT OF NATO’S LAYERED RESILIENCE CONCEPT (ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR IMPACT ON MILITARY RESILIENCE – RESPONSE PLANNING A STUDY IN THE CONTEXT OF NATO’S LAYERED RESILIENCE CONCEPT)

RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2024 – DIME-FIL ANALYSIS

RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2024 – DIME-FIL ANALYSIS (RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2024 – DIME-FIL ANALYSIS)

RESPONSE CELL – A CORNERSTONE IN PLANNING AND CONDUCTING A COMPUTER-ASSISTED EXERCISE

RESPONSE CELL – A CORNERSTONE IN PLANNING AND CONDUCTING A COMPUTER-ASSISTED EXERCISE (RESPONSE CELL – A CORNERSTONE IN PLANNING AND CONDUCTING A COMPUTER-ASSISTED EXERCISE)

DRONE WARS: TACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF UAS EMPLOYMENT IN DIVISION-LEVEL WET-GAP CROSSING OPERATIONS

DRONE WARS: TACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF UAS EMPLOYMENT IN DIVISION-LEVEL WET-GAP CROSSING OPERATIONS (DRONE WARS: TACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF UAS EMPLOYMENT IN DIVISION-LEVEL WET-GAP CROSSING OPERATIONS)

MAPPING DATA SHOES’ IMPACT ON THE BATTLEFIELD: EXPLORING CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR TACTICAL LEVEL SUB-UNIT TRAINING WITH MULTIPLE INTEGRATED LASER ENGAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN MODELING AND SIMULATION

CONCEPTS REGARDING THE USE OF NAVAL DRONES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A MARITIME EXCLUSION ZONE AT THE BLACK SEA

CONCEPTS REGARDING THE USE OF NAVAL DRONES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A MARITIME EXCLUSION ZONE AT THE BLACK SEA (CONCEPTS REGARDING THE USE OF NAVAL DRONES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A MARITIME EXCLUSION ZONE AT THE BLACK SEA)

USE-CASES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARY SYSTEM

USE-CASES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARY SYSTEM (USE-CASES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARY SYSTEM)

MODELLING AND SIMULATION AS A SERVICE (MSaaS) PLATFORMS – THE ROAD TO NATO MSaaS PORTAL

MODELLING AND SIMULATION AS A SERVICE (MSaaS) PLATFORMS – THE ROAD TO NATO MSaaS PORTAL (MODELLING AND SIMULATION AS A SERVICE (MSaaS) PLATFORMS – THE ROAD TO NATO MSaaS PORTAL)

PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES ON DRONE AUTONOMY

PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES ON DRONE AUTONOMY (PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES ON DRONE AUTONOMY)

HPC COMPUTING IMPACT IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

HPC COMPUTING IMPACT IN MILITARY OPERATIONS (HPC COMPUTING IMPACT IN MILITARY OPERATIONS)

ENHANCING MILITARY COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FACE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WARFARE ENVIRONMENT THREATS

ENHANCING MILITARY COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FACE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WARFARE ENVIRONMENT THREATS (ENHANCING MILITARY COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FACE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WARFARE ENVIRONMENT THREATS)

UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLES DEVELOPMENT IN NATO

UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLES DEVELOPMENT IN NATO (UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLES DEVELOPMENT IN NATO)

SYSTEMATIC ACTIONS EXECUTED WITH UNDERWATER DRONES IN THE BLACK SEA

SYSTEMATIC ACTIONS EXECUTED WITH UNDERWATER DRONES IN THE BLACK SEA (SYSTEMATIC ACTIONS EXECUTED WITH UNDERWATER DRONES IN THE BLACK SEA)

ANALYSIS OF SUBMARINE OPERATIONS IN SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS – THE BLACK SEA

ANALYSIS OF SUBMARINE OPERATIONS IN SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS – THE BLACK SEA (ANALYSIS OF SUBMARINE OPERATIONS IN SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS – THE BLACK SEA)

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE EVOLUTION AND USEFULNESS OF HELICOPTERS IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE EVOLUTION AND USEFULNESS OF HELICOPTERS IN MILITARY OPERATIONS (CONSIDERATIONS ON THE EVOLUTION AND USEFULNESS OF HELICOPTERS IN MILITARY OPERATIONS)

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN TACTICAL COMMUNICATION FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN TACTICAL COMMUNICATION FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS (RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN TACTICAL COMMUNICATION FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS)

CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE USE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS IN THE INFORMATIVE PREPARATION OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN MILITARY ART

CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE USE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS IN THE INFORMATIVE PREPARATION OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN MILITARY ART (CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE USE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS IN THE INFORMATIVE PREPARATION OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN MILITARY ART)

CAN MULTI-DOMAIN INTEGRATION BE THE RESPONSE TO HYBRID THREATS? ARGUMENTS AND COUNTER-ARGUMENTS

CAN MULTI-DOMAIN INTEGRATION BE THE RESPONSE TO HYBRID THREATS? ARGUMENTS AND COUNTER-ARGUMENTS (CAN MULTI-DOMAIN INTEGRATION BE THE RESPONSE TO HYBRID THREATS? ARGUMENTS AND COUNTER-ARGUMENTS)

MULTI-DOMAIN COMMAND AND CONTROL – AN ADAPTATION REQUIREMENT FOR THE ROMANIAN ARMED FORCES

MULTI-DOMAIN COMMAND AND CONTROL – AN ADAPTATION REQUIREMENT FOR THE ROMANIAN ARMED FORCES (MULTI-DOMAIN COMMAND AND CONTROL – AN ADAPTATION REQUIREMENT FOR THE ROMANIAN ARMED FORCES)

MILITARY MOBILITY IN EUROPE, A BRIDGE FOR NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) – EUROPEAN UNION (EU) COOPERATION

MILITARY MOBILITY IN EUROPE, A BRIDGE FOR NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) – EUROPEAN UNION (EU) COOPERATION (MILITARY MOBILITY IN EUROPE, A BRIDGE FOR NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) – EUROPEAN UNION (EU) COOPERATION)

PARTICULARS REGARDING TEACHING STYLE IN MILITARY PHYSICAL EDUCATION

PARTICULARS REGARDING TEACHING STYLE IN MILITARY PHYSICAL EDUCATION (PARTICULARS REGARDING TEACHING STYLE IN MILITARY PHYSICAL EDUCATION)

ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SECURITY ENVIRONMENT THROUGH VUCA

ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SECURITY ENVIRONMENT THROUGH VUCA (ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SECURITY ENVIRONMENT THROUGH VUCA)

UNCONVENTIONAL ACTIONS MAJOR IMPACT FOR FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION IN CONFLICT AREAS

UNCONVENTIONAL ACTIONS MAJOR IMPACT FOR FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION IN CONFLICT AREAS (UNCONVENTIONAL ACTIONS MAJOR IMPACT FOR FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION IN CONFLICT AREAS)

HISTORY OF THE MOUNTAIN TROOPS – FROM NECESSITY TO ESTABLISHMENT –

HISTORY OF THE MOUNTAIN TROOPS – FROM NECESSITY TO ESTABLISHMENT – (HISTORY OF THE MOUNTAIN TROOPS – FROM NECESSITY TO ESTABLISHMENT –)

AGILE COMBAT EMPLOYMENT: A PARADIGM SHIFT IN MODERN WARFARE

AGILE COMBAT EMPLOYMENT: A PARADIGM SHIFT IN MODERN WARFARE (AGILE COMBAT EMPLOYMENT: A PARADIGM SHIFT IN MODERN WARFARE)

GENERATION AND DEPLOYMENT OF FORCES PARTICIPATING IN UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS FROM A LOGISTICAL PERSPECTIVE

GENERATION AND DEPLOYMENT OF FORCES PARTICIPATING IN UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS FROM A LOGISTICAL PERSPECTIVE (GENERATION AND DEPLOYMENT OF FORCES PARTICIPATING IN UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS FROM A LOGISTICAL PERSPECTIVE)

IDENTIFICATION OF SOME FUNCTIONAL MODELS OF MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGIES

IDENTIFICATION OF SOME FUNCTIONAL MODELS OF MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGIES (IDENTIFICATION OF SOME FUNCTIONAL MODELS OF MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGIES)

DEVELOPMENTS OF THE COMMUNITY FISCAL POLICY

DEVELOPMENTS OF THE COMMUNITY FISCAL POLICY (DEVELOPMENTS OF THE COMMUNITY FISCAL POLICY)

NATO-RUSSIA CONCEPTUAL DIFFERENCES RELATED TO HYBRID THREATS IN THE MARITIME DOMAIN

NATO-RUSSIA CONCEPTUAL DIFFERENCES RELATED TO HYBRID THREATS IN THE MARITIME DOMAIN (NATO-RUSSIA CONCEPTUAL DIFFERENCES RELATED TO HYBRID THREATS IN THE MARITIME DOMAIN)

SEMI-PERMANENT FACILITIES – CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING THE ADAPTABILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF ROMANIAN MILITARY INFRASTRUCTURE

SEMI-PERMANENT FACILITIES – CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING THE ADAPTABILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF ROMANIAN MILITARY INFRASTRUCTURE (SEMI-PERMANENT FACILITIES – CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING THE ADAPTABILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF ROMANIAN MILITARY INFRASTRUCTURE)

SMART CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES IN THE WORLD'S CITIES: AN ESSENTIAL STEP FOR THE QUALITY OF LIFE

SMART CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES IN THE WORLD'S CITIES: AN ESSENTIAL STEP FOR THE QUALITY OF LIFE (SMART CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES IN THE WORLD'S CITIES: AN ESSENTIAL STEP FOR THE QUALITY OF LIFE)

CYBERSECURITY WITHIN CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES

TRANSFORMING TRANSATLANTIC SECURITY: WITH ADJECTIVES
(TRANSFORMING TRANSATLANTIC SECURITY: WITH ADJECTIVES)

WHY NEW WEAPONS ARE NOT ALWAYS ENOUGH TO WIN A WAR? LESSONS FROM RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR
(WHY NEW WEAPONS ARE NOT ALWAYS ENOUGH TO WIN A WAR? LESSONS FROM RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR)

INTUITION IN MILITARY DECISION-MAKING: BRIDGING EXPERIENCE AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES
(INTUITION IN MILITARY DECISION-MAKING: BRIDGING EXPERIENCE AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES)

HYBRID MARITIME WARFARE IN NATO DOCTRINE AND THE EU CONCEPT. IMPLICATIONS FOR ROMANIA
(HYBRID MARITIME WARFARE IN NATO DOCTRINE AND THE EU CONCEPT. IMPLICATIONS FOR ROMANIA)

EFFECTS OF EMERGING DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES ON MILITARY ACTION GEO-TEMPORAL FRAMEWORK
(EFFECTS OF EMERGING DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES ON MILITARY ACTION GEO-TEMPORAL FRAMEWORK)

CHALLENGES WITHIN THE NEW NATIONAL AND EURO-ATLANTIC RESILIENCE CONTEXT
(CHALLENGES WITHIN THE NEW NATIONAL AND EURO-ATLANTIC RESILIENCE CONTEXT)

NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE AND THE DYNAMICS OF POWER BALANCE
(NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE AND THE DYNAMICS OF POWER BALANCE)

INVOLVEMENT OF YOUTH IN POLITICAL LIFE – A VECTOR OF DEMOCRATIC RESILIENCE
(INVOLVEMENT OF YOUTH IN POLITICAL LIFE – A VECTOR OF DEMOCRATIC RESILIENCE)

WEATHERING THE DISINFORMATION STORM IN 2024’S ELECTORAL CONTEXT
(WEATHERING THE DISINFORMATION STORM IN 2024’S ELECTORAL CONTEXT)

ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR IMPACT ON MILITARY RESILIENCE – RESPONSE PLANNING A STUDY IN THE CONTEXT OF NATO’S LAYERED RESILIENCE CONCEPT
(ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR IMPACT ON MILITARY RESILIENCE – RESPONSE PLANNING A STUDY IN THE CONTEXT OF NATO’S LAYERED RESILIENCE CONCEPT)

RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2024 – DIME-FIL ANALYSIS
(RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2024 – DIME-FIL ANALYSIS)

RESPONSE CELL – A CORNERSTONE IN PLANNING AND CONDUCTING A COMPUTER-ASSISTED EXERCISE
(RESPONSE CELL – A CORNERSTONE IN PLANNING AND CONDUCTING A COMPUTER-ASSISTED EXERCISE)

DRONE WARS: TACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF UAS EMPLOYMENT IN DIVISION-LEVEL WET-GAP CROSSING OPERATIONS
(DRONE WARS: TACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF UAS EMPLOYMENT IN DIVISION-LEVEL WET-GAP CROSSING OPERATIONS)

CONCEPTS REGARDING THE USE OF NAVAL DRONES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A MARITIME EXCLUSION ZONE AT THE BLACK SEA
(CONCEPTS REGARDING THE USE OF NAVAL DRONES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A MARITIME EXCLUSION ZONE AT THE BLACK SEA)

USE-CASES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARY SYSTEM
(USE-CASES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARY SYSTEM)

MODELLING AND SIMULATION AS A SERVICE (MSaaS) PLATFORMS – THE ROAD TO NATO MSaaS PORTAL
(MODELLING AND SIMULATION AS A SERVICE (MSaaS) PLATFORMS – THE ROAD TO NATO MSaaS PORTAL)

PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES ON DRONE AUTONOMY
(PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES ON DRONE AUTONOMY)

HPC COMPUTING IMPACT IN MILITARY OPERATIONS
(HPC COMPUTING IMPACT IN MILITARY OPERATIONS)

ENHANCING MILITARY COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FACE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WARFARE ENVIRONMENT THREATS
(ENHANCING MILITARY COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FACE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WARFARE ENVIRONMENT THREATS)

UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLES DEVELOPMENT IN NATO
(UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLES DEVELOPMENT IN NATO)

SYSTEMATIC ACTIONS EXECUTED WITH UNDERWATER DRONES IN THE BLACK SEA
(SYSTEMATIC ACTIONS EXECUTED WITH UNDERWATER DRONES IN THE BLACK SEA)

ANALYSIS OF SUBMARINE OPERATIONS IN SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS – THE BLACK SEA
(ANALYSIS OF SUBMARINE OPERATIONS IN SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS – THE BLACK SEA)

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE EVOLUTION AND USEFULNESS OF HELICOPTERS IN MILITARY OPERATIONS
(CONSIDERATIONS ON THE EVOLUTION AND USEFULNESS OF HELICOPTERS IN MILITARY OPERATIONS)

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN TACTICAL COMMUNICATION FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS
(RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN TACTICAL COMMUNICATION FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS)

CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE USE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS IN THE INFORMATIVE PREPARATION OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN MILITARY ART
(CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE USE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS IN THE INFORMATIVE PREPARATION OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN MILITARY ART)

CAN MULTI-DOMAIN INTEGRATION BE THE RESPONSE TO HYBRID THREATS? ARGUMENTS AND COUNTER-ARGUMENTS
(CAN MULTI-DOMAIN INTEGRATION BE THE RESPONSE TO HYBRID THREATS? ARGUMENTS AND COUNTER-ARGUMENTS)

MULTI-DOMAIN COMMAND AND CONTROL – AN ADAPTATION REQUIREMENT FOR THE ROMANIAN ARMED FORCES
(MULTI-DOMAIN COMMAND AND CONTROL – AN ADAPTATION REQUIREMENT FOR THE ROMANIAN ARMED FORCES)

MILITARY MOBILITY IN EUROPE, A BRIDGE FOR NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) – EUROPEAN UNION (EU) COOPERATION
(MILITARY MOBILITY IN EUROPE, A BRIDGE FOR NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) – EUROPEAN UNION (EU) COOPERATION)

PARTICULARS REGARDING TEACHING STYLE IN MILITARY PHYSICAL EDUCATION
(PARTICULARS REGARDING TEACHING STYLE IN MILITARY PHYSICAL EDUCATION)

ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SECURITY ENVIRONMENT THROUGH VUCA
(ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SECURITY ENVIRONMENT THROUGH VUCA)

UNCONVENTIONAL ACTIONS MAJOR IMPACT FOR FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION IN CONFLICT AREAS
(UNCONVENTIONAL ACTIONS MAJOR IMPACT FOR FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION IN CONFLICT AREAS)

HISTORY OF THE MOUNTAIN TROOPS – FROM NECESSITY TO ESTABLISHMENT –
(HISTORY OF THE MOUNTAIN TROOPS – FROM NECESSITY TO ESTABLISHMENT –)

AGILE COMBAT EMPLOYMENT: A PARADIGM SHIFT IN MODERN WARFARE
(AGILE COMBAT EMPLOYMENT: A PARADIGM SHIFT IN MODERN WARFARE)

GENERATION AND DEPLOYMENT OF FORCES PARTICIPATING IN UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS FROM A LOGISTICAL PERSPECTIVE
(GENERATION AND DEPLOYMENT OF FORCES PARTICIPATING IN UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS FROM A LOGISTICAL PERSPECTIVE)

IDENTIFICATION OF SOME FUNCTIONAL MODELS OF MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGIES
(IDENTIFICATION OF SOME FUNCTIONAL MODELS OF MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGIES)

DEVELOPMENTS OF THE COMMUNITY FISCAL POLICY
(DEVELOPMENTS OF THE COMMUNITY FISCAL POLICY)

NATO-RUSSIA CONCEPTUAL DIFFERENCES RELATED TO HYBRID THREATS IN THE MARITIME DOMAIN
(NATO-RUSSIA CONCEPTUAL DIFFERENCES RELATED TO HYBRID THREATS IN THE MARITIME DOMAIN)

SEMI-PERMANENT FACILITIES – CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING THE ADAPTABILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF ROMANIAN MILITARY INFRASTRUCTURE
(SEMI-PERMANENT FACILITIES – CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCREASING THE ADAPTABILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF ROMANIAN MILITARY INFRASTRUCTURE)

SMART CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES IN THE WORLD'S CITIES: AN ESSENTIAL STEP FOR THE QUALITY OF LIFE
(SMART CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES IN THE WORLD'S CITIES: AN ESSENTIAL STEP FOR THE QUALITY OF LIFE)

CYBERSECURITY WITHIN CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES
(CYBERSECURITY WITHIN CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES)

IOT AND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES: TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION AND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS
(IOT AND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES: TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION AND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS)

HYBRID WARFARE AND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES PROTECTION
(HYBRID WARFARE AND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES PROTECTION)

SECURITY OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO PROTECTING VITAL RESOURCES
(SECURITY OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO PROTECTING VITAL RESOURCES)

LEGAL AND OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES PROTECTION IN ROMANIA
(LEGAL AND OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES PROTECTION IN ROMANIA)

IDENTIFICATION OF THE ESSENTIAL SECTORS AND SERVICES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES IN ROMANIA
(IDENTIFICATION OF THE ESSENTIAL SECTORS AND SERVICES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES IN ROMANIA)

THE ROLE OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN ENSURING SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE
(THE ROLE OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE IN ENSURING SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE)

NEW DIMENSIONS OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION – OFFSHORE CRITICAL ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURES
(NEW DIMENSIONS OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION – OFFSHORE CRITICAL ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURES)