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In addition to the academic activity, the prestigious academic personality of the Romanian higher education and culture, Professor Aurel Ardelean, PhD, founding rector of the "Vasile Goldiș" Western University of Arad, created and sustained the scientific and literary research, as well as the publishing of the research results. In this context, the philology journal, "Studies of Science and Culture", published under the auspices of the university, benefited from optimal conditions for promoting scientific research in the field of philology, asserting itself in the international area of scientific value.
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The proverbs occupy a central place in a writters creation which is representative of romanian realism, who’s source of inspiration is the geographic space and the transylvanian culture. Even if Ioan Slavici's style was often appreciated as an arid, unattractive one, a closer look of the style can bring to the surface unsuspectedly deep stylistic values.
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This current article tries to reconstruct, as much as possible, starting from documents (letters) and testimonies, the life of Moldov, the pseudonym of Marcu Taingiu, a Jewish writer born in Dorohoi in 1907. The author's name is related, first of all, to the avant-garde magazine “unu”, of which he was also co-founder, together with Sașa Pană. In 1923, in order to get as close as possible to the center of the new literary movements, Moldov moved to Bucharest, but due to family obligations he had to quickly end his avant-garde journey in 1928 and return back to his hometown. However, from the short avant-garde experience resulted some short stories, which were collected in 1935 in “Repertoriu”, the only book ever written by the writer, a volume that appeared on the initiative of Sașa Pană.
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‘The Lyre and The Spider’ is not a simple anthological title. Leonida Lari gave important and deep meanings for the two symbolic entities. They are listed in several conceptual levels: historical, social-political, geopolitical, moral, intimate, philosophical, psychological, artistic, etc. It is an antinomic conjugation between the two poles: one of the eternal, of the nobility or of the ennobling of the world, which involves by meaning the song, the beautiful, and the sublime. The other pole involves the inoculated ephemeral, the disguised danger, which lurks in the corners of life, existence, or society. The author of the volume initiates strategies. She puts into action typologies, symbols, cruel truths, undertakes incursions into confusing and risky spaces, brings to the surface the cunning, makes light in thought and feeling, displays a surprising art of the word through its status.
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The magic of the poetic word and the original fantasy of the informants who collected literary folklore in the Timok area, Homolje we can see from the riddles, proverbs and aphorisms collected in the field, all from the wisdom and experience of the Romanian people south of the Danube, proof of preservation of Romanian spiritual treasure kept orally. Through the works collected by Serbian and Romanian researchers, which include ballads and doines, lyrical poems, epic poems, fairy tales, stories and legends, our goal was to highlight the creative contribution of Romanians in eastern Serbia to enrich the Romanian spiritual heritage.
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The Jewish societies of mutual support in the city of Bacău from the XIX-XX centuries represent a subject little treated in Romanian historiography, a theme discovered after analyzing the archive documents from the funds of the Bacău Jewish Community, the Fraterna Society and the Înfrățirea Society. By researching these documents that can be found at the Bacău County Service of National Archives, we aim to present information on the aid societies for Jews in difficulty, in the city of Bacău. Our attention is directed to the Fraterna and Înfrățirea Societies, which functioned from the end of the 19th century until 1941.
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In the city of Bacău, during the Second World War, the mayor's office carried out several actions to prevent and limit diseases. The most important measures adopted were the vaccination of the population, but also the obligation to comply with hygiene rules. The Jewish community in Bacău followed, by distributing doctors by sectors, the state of health of the population and the periodic implementation of actions to deworm.
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The beginnings of Banat culture are confused with the beginnings of Romanian culture in Transylvania, becoming a space of multilingualism and multiculturalism. The right to culture became one of the inalienable human rights relatively late, after World War II, when the "gray" imprinted by this terrible scourge began to dissipate, and the inhabitants of the planet "clung" to it. something that could give them relief, erase their suffering, and drive out the horrors they experienced. We no longer had to look for culprits, but the human soul had to be saved, its development depending on its intimate development, on a new, truly healthy basis, of society as a whole.
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Această lucrare este un raport preliminar al celor mai recente rezultate ale cercetărilor pluridisciplinare efectuate în castrele de pe cursul mijlociu și inferior al Oltului, cuprinse între Hoghiz și Dunăre, așa-numitul limes Alutanus. Scopul acestei treceri în revistă este actualizarea informațiilor referitoare la aceste fortificații într-o manieră asemănătoare rapoartelor dedicate anumitor zone ale Imperiului Roman, publicate periodic în volumele congreselor internaționale dedicate studiului frontierelor romane. Cele mai recente rapoarte de sinteză pentru acest sector de frontieră romană au fost publicate în urmă cu peste două decenii în volumul Congresului Internațional al Frontierelor Romane de la Zalău, în 1997.Intenția autorilor este ca prin acest raport să fie prezentate cele mai noi date obținute în cadrul Programului Național LIMES. Potrivit planului de acțiune al programului, identificarea monumentelor a fost realizată prin colectarea datelor pe teren prin periegheze, măsurători topografice și înregistrări prin zboruri cu drona (fotografii ortografice, oblice și filmări), coroborate apoi de informațiile disponibile în arhive la momentul respectiv. Cercetările s-au concentrat asupra fortificațiilor și a zonelor adiacente. Studiul efectuat încearcă să arate valorea acestor situri în vederea protejării și valorificării lor durabile prin includerea în Lista Patrimoniului Mondial UNESCO.
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Situl arheologic din punctul Dealul Bisericii este dispus în centrul localității Ip, pe o terasă înaltă de pe partea dreaptă a văii Barcăului și a fost identificat în urma unor cercetări de suprafață efectuate în anul 2002. Prima investigare arheologică a avut loc în anul 2009 printr-o săpătură arheologică preventivă, soldată cu identificarea unui număr de 10 complexe arheologice din epoci diferite: epoca bronzului, epoca romană, evul mediu timpuriu. Complexul arheologic care face obiectul prezentului demers este un mormânt de inhumație (complexul C. 5/2009), care avea ca inventar o cataramă de curea confecționată din bronz. Pe baza analogiilor constatate, având în vedere și începuturile funcționării bisericii medievale, putem presupune că datarea mormântului medieval C. 5/2009 poate fi plasată cel mai probabil în secolul al XV-lea.
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On July 1, 1835, the new administrative-territorial organization of the Principality of Moldavia entered into force. The country was divided into 13 counties, among which the Roman County, with its residence in the homonymous city, was composed by four administrative subdivisions („ocoale”) – Ocolul Moldova, Ocolul Siretul de Jos, Ocolul Siretul de Sus and Ocolul Fundul – and 117 villages. The Treasury Department („Vistieria”) decided to register Moldavia’s entire population under different tax categories, according to the new administrative map of the country. The county officials began to draw up lists with all the residents who had fiscal obligations to the state, including the clergy, who paid a special tax („dajdia”). The census of the Roman County clergy started in the spring of 1836 and ended in mid-July the same year. The table sent to the Capital contains the names of 194 priests, 32 deacons and 183 psalm readers who served in 105 parish churches of the villages of the county and the city of Roman, the churches’ dedication days, as well as the number of inhabitants of each village. It constitutes an important historical source, which provide the interested researchers with useful information on topics ranging from social history to prosopography, and from economic history to anthroponymy.
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The second period, between 1919 and 1927, is the positive stage of the residence at Pelișor Castle. Now the residence takes over the functions of Peleș Castle. Now the royal family leads a typical existence of high aristocracy like manner, in which each member of the family develops his own passions, without the notion of family being put in danger. The King goes to hunting and deals with botany and sports, while the Queen paints, rides, enjoy cinema and theatre. Royal daughters have artistic tendencies, which they strive to develop, while the Princes practice sport and go hunting.
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The given study represents the rendering of the circumstances, which are the basis for the application and extension of the arrest. Arguments are presented regarding the pertinent practice of national and international courts in combating the phenomenon of unfounded application of pre-trial detention. The study aims to elucidate theoretical and practical aspects in a comparative way, but also with the arguments promoted by the Strasbourg Court.
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The subject approached is a current one and resides in the interest shown for the knowledge of the historical evolution of the normative regulations of the international legal assistance in criminal matters. The mutual provision of international legal assistance by states in criminal matters occupies an important place in international cooperation in the fight against crime. Mutual assistance can be fruitful only on the condition of the multilateral record of existing normative acts, which are contained in national legislation and international treaties, only on the basis of real estimates of both the current situation and the likely prospects of their interactions at the level of creation. and law enforcement.
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Evidence and evidence are of particular importance in criminal proceedings, as, together with evidence, they are closely linked to the realization of the principle of finding out the truth, as well as to the fact that in most criminal cases there are problems related to evidence and means of proof. The legality of the evidence depends on the issuance of a decision to convict or acquit the person in a criminal trial. // Legal regulations are closely correlated with the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, in particular Article 6, the right to a fair trial. In this context, a criterion of applicability of this article in criminal matters lies in the nature of the procedure; the text refers to the right to be tried by a court, in the sense of court, which must decide on the merits of any accusation in this matter criminal law, and the merits of an accusation are based on conclusive, pertinent and useful evidence administered by means of evidence and evidence procedures provided by law.
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Thanatology is a complex science with roots in philosophy, medicine, and psychology. In forensic thanatology is studied the process of death in suspicious conditions, changes that occur in the human body after death, the causes and nature of death. Medico-legal expertise on bodies applies the thanatological results to answer legal questions based on data obtained from the examination of corpses and "traces" left alive. One of the main problems is bioethics - the science that determines the limits of forensic expertise. The purpose of this article is to sensitize the public opinion on the issue of medico-legal thanatology and the connection with bioethics by identifying conceptual and methodological landmarks to promote the importance of studying forensic thanatology in the Republic of Moldova. The article describes the specifics of the forensic problems of the terminal states, the connection between thanatology and the attitude towards euthanasia; forensic classification of the type and causes of death; the specifics of the forensic examination of corpses; the importance of additional laboratory research; the rights and obligations of the person in the terminal stage. In conclusion, the importance of studying thanatology in universities is emphasized.
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The study of the reasonableness standard will be a long-lasting task for the legal academic community and for the practicing professionals due to its value and complexity, its significance and social impact, as well as its importance for practice. The research aims to elaborate a comparative analysis on the objective reasonableness standard, as well as the qualified immunity doctrine that is essentially related to the above-mentioned standard.
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Crimes against justice established in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova are the group of socially dangerous facts, which have negative consequences in court proceedings. One of these is the illegal action of falsifying the evidence, dislocated in two typical normative variants at art.310 of the Criminal Law of the Republic of Moldova. // However, notwithstanding the fact that art.310 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova criminalizes the subject directly nominated in the normative manner, the latter is instituted succinctly and allows illegal actions in the category of false evidence to go unpunished. In this sense, we propose as a desideratum the realization of some comparative studies and the initiation of a rigorous proposal, in order to adjust the local normative framework in co-relation with the socially dangerous facts committed in the objective reality.
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In this article, a relatively new civil procedural institution from the Code of Civil Procedure of the Republic of Moldova was analyzed. All the procedural conditions in which judicial mediation takes place were analyzed. Those problematic aspects regarding the application in judicial practice of this legal institution were not overlooked. Likewise, those legislative imperfections existing in the Code of Civil Procedure on judicial mediation that we propose to be removed by amending and supplementing this legislative act were highlighted.
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In the article is analyzed the problematic of human rights which can appear in the process of assuring human security by counteracting to the specific dangers, menaces and risks in the context of aggravation and deepening of the process of globalization. The systematization and universalization of the unity of three basic elements: human security, moral and politics is distinguished as the defining postulate of the sphere of practical applying of knowledge on survival and security of human being, of society, as well as of nature and biosphere. Securitization of social processes at the level of human persons, in the case of existence of systemic internal vulnerably, as well as of some external attacks with the scope of distorting of impact of political decisions against public interest, represents, as well, one of main preoccupations of the authors in this study. The concept of human security has a significant potential in the perspective of improving the quality of political science analysis, by using the specific and unique methodological apparatus and its fundamental principles and categories. The necessity of overcoming the global menaces imprint a special character to political processes, including to the promotion of human rights, which have to be better organized and more efficient in the way to fulfill their functional goals.
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For years, international human rights organizations have recommended measures to reduce overcrowding in prisons. The COVID 19 pandemic found places of detention with inadequate spaces, insufficient medical services facilities, lack of reintegration services and, especially, a systemic overcrowding of penitentiaries. With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, the situation in prisons extended to the health of detainees. Overcrowding and unhealthy prison conditions have made them a high risk of contagion.
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In this article, we will discuss the role of the ECJ in the EU legal order. The concept of general principles of law is of great importance today for deepening the process of European integration, the formation and development of EU law as a whole. An important role in its development and consolidation lies with the EU Court of Justice. Its consistent practice has led to the formation of the very concept of EU law and the recognition of its general principles. // The Court of Justice of the European Union not only models the concept, but also ensures that the general principles of law are respected by all the institutions of the European Communities and the Member States, which in turn contributes to strengthening the legitimacy of the Communities and of the Union and their legal system and, on the other hand, contributes to a more dynamic integration.
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Technological advances and the computerization of society rapidly contribute to the change of all spheres of human activity, currently international trade relations have a majority impact on the world economy, their development is taking place at a particularly accelerated pace, which generates certain gaps in terms of legislation in this area. Of particular importance in the development of this sphere was the electronic means of communication, becoming quite popular in recent decades, and the conduct of trade reports through them were no exception. // Under the current conditions, as a fundamental legal instrument in private law, the contract could not develop separately from the new technologies imposed by the evolution of society towards the virtual world and in an attempt to adapt to the virtual environment; the contract took the electronic form.
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Extended confiscation is a personal security measure consisting in the forced and gratuitous transfer of property to the state patrimony, in the cases and under the conditions provided by law, which may be ordered in case of conviction of a person for committing a crime of a certain susceptibility to procure a material benefit, when the court is convinced that the goods in question come from criminal activities. // The conviction of the court must be complete, based on the circumstances of the case, of specific facts, regarding the fact that the respective goods are the result of some criminal activities carried out by the convicted person. The evidence administered must not be capable of leading to the conviction of the defendant for these criminal activities as well, but it is sufficient to be such as to create in the court the conviction that the goods come from criminal activities. // The property acquired by the convicted person during this period, but which is no longer in his possession or property, being transferred to third parties, if they knew or should have known [1] that the purpose of the transfer was to avoid confiscation, also fulfill this condition.
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The banking sector is constantly affected by a multitude of risks, which jeopardize its stability and performance. The multiplication, diversification and continuous intensification of banking risks emphasizes the need to define, identify, analyze and manage these phenomena, this process having a major impact on the stability of national banking systems and global financial balance. Efforts to this end must maintain the stability of financial-banking systems, characterized by a lack of major imbalances, which could lead to systemic financial crises, the inability of financial institutions to conduct financial operations, or the collapse of financial markets.
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For centuries, education has remained largely intact being the most conservative space of human effort. Things are evolving and the situation has changed dramatically with the entry of humanity into the digital age. The competitiveness of graduates-specialists that are trained during the university period begins to be achieved during work process, in interaction with employers and is expressed in the success of the workforce according to the acquired and additional specialty. The plunge into the age of digital technologies in almost in all areas of social and economic life and allows economists, politicians, sociologists and scientists to talk about the emergence of the fourth industrial revolution. The purpose of the study is to investigate the requirements of employers towards graduates and specialists in the labor market.
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Four-dimensional education is a profound strategic dialogue about education. By questioning the often tacit and outdated agreement on what should be learned in school / university, the authors clearly demonstrate the systemic limitations that make up the curriculum. The analytical researches of the professional training curriculum indicate that the trainings must be within the established standards or exceed the limits in the direction of modernization, formation of the creative, innovative spirit. Four-dimensional training encourages both innovative ways of thinking. Disciplinary curricula should be based on the study of complex phenomena / processes, creating opportunities for interdisciplinary and trans disciplinary uses, as well as modern teaching methods, using the advantages of digital educational environments. The purpose of the investigation is to substantiate the priorities, objectives and educational principles advanced in terms of compliance with the structure and quality of professional graduates in accordance with the requirements of employers and the future labor market.
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Among the revolutions that took place in the twentieth century, one of the most important was the managerial revolution. It was during this period that management became a separate field, developing intensely even today. // Currently, in all developed countries, more attention is paid to the training of professional managers, because "the task of the leader is to be more and more efficient". The need to professionalize managerial activity in the field of education was realized in the West in the 60s and 70s of the twentieth century. // In the Republic of Moldova, this problem began to be addressed only in the 90s. Almost a hundred years ago, the author who founded the scientific management, Frederick Taylor, postulated the principle "Strict record of time and standardization of work" making a huge step towards increasing efficiency in the organization. Management means efficient and effective management of an activity. From this perspective, the manager cannot ensure the efficiency for the institution for which he is responsible if he does not know how to manage the resources efficiently. // In addition, time is a precious, pretentious and irreversible economic resource: time is the rarest resource being irreplaceable but at the same time "unlimited", it is expensive, but it cannot be bought, stored, multiplied, and its loss cannot be assured either. By the largest insurance company in the world, so it cannot be "compensated", a source that can increase efficiency and profit, so that its good management is an essential skill.
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Failures in certain areas of life leave adolescents with a feeling of worthlessness, low self-esteem, confusion of identity, thus causing them quite strong internal conflicts that can lead to emotional imbalances and ultimately to deviant behavior. In contemporary society, the tendency of adolescents to join reference groups has a large impact on their behavior, because on the one hand, it can allow them to assert themselves, awareness of the desire to delimit themselves from family and school authority, but on the other hand, not all groups can have beneficial effects on them. The existence of numerous groups dealing with illicit acts, groups with recidivists or with a criminal record is a source of attraction for adolescents with social deficiencies, leading them to train in deviant acts and then delinquents who are highly dangerous for society (rapes, thefts, robberies). // Group delinquency is characteristic of juvenile delinquency, the main acts being hooliganism, rape, violence, vehicle theft. Most juvenile delinquency behaviors can fall into four broad categories: theft, violence to gain a material advantage, violation of status laws (school dropout, absenteeism), and group or gang behavior received by others as a threat due to physical activity involved.
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Interest is a substructure of personality, that motivational component of personality that is expressed through a positive, active and persevering attitude towards certain objects or activities. // The article reflects the most relevant psycho-pedagogical meanings of the notion of interest, from which we deduce the typologies of interests: cognitive and professional. Children / pupils / students must be supported in the accumulation of knowledge, assimilation of the content of educational disciplines, verification of the usefulness of the assimilated knowledge and the rationality of their application in practice. It is necessary to awaken in students the aspiration and the need to always deepen their knowledge, to form new skills, habits, habits and to be guided by them in life. All these actions contribute to the development of intellect, preparation for life and activity in society.
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Needs are at the heart of our lives. Whether we are aware of it or not, they direct our actions. It is essential to pay attention to our needs because, as M. Rosenberg writes, "if we do not value our needs, others will not value them." To meet our needs, we must first know them. Unfortunately, we are often unaware of them. We don't always know our physical needs, otherwise we shouldn't go to the nutritionist, watch health shows or tell our doctors to exercise. In this context, in this article we aim to explore how we can become aware of personal needs through „MINDFULNESS" practices.
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The research aimed to study the correlation between the organizational climate and the job satisfaction of teachers. The link between climate and satisfaction is vital for success in teaching. The organizational climate is considered to be a relatively persistent set of perceptions of an organization's members about its internal environment and that influence their behavior. Job satisfaction is a positive emotional state that results from the employee's personal opinion of his work or work climate, a state of balance that the individual reaches when he responds to conscious or unconscious expectations and certain needs. The research results showed that teachers in the group of teachers-educators show high scores in terms of organizational climate in general and performance in particular. Teachers-educators are more performance-oriented, evaluated according to the achievement of objectives, cost reduction compared to other teachers. Psycho-pedagogical teachers are more satisfied with the quality of relations between employees, with reference to professional communication and collaboration, remuneration and promotion and have a higher degree of overall satisfaction. The organizational climate correlates with job satisfaction, so that the more favorable the organizational climate in the educational environment, the more satisfied the teachers will be.
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Education is a determining factor for development, it deliberately aims to choose and accurately designate the perspective that will be instilled in development. Developmental psychology has made the leap from describing human life periods to identifying how certain factors influence these periods and what changes are taking place in increasing interest in the study of inter-individual differences. The development process is specifically organized, everything has a motivational basis, structure and a goal, purpose, or plan in relation to which it self-regulates. Development is as a set of transformations that affect living organisms or social institutions which also involves the notions of „continuity", „finality" and „evolution”.
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Stress is a common phenomenon for nowadays and for different ages. Due to the changes in adolescent’s life, stress is experienced and felt more intensive than in other stages of human development. The study describes the manifestation and the gender differences in stress in adolescence. The research included 103 adolescents. As results we established that 30, 09% adolescents present a high level of stress. The girls are characterized by a high level of stress than boys.
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The paper is an analysis of the migratory path of immigrant Moldovan adolescents from Italy, emphasizing the impact of leaving the country of origin on social inclusion, the specificity of life after family reunification and the new beginning in the context of the host country. Highlights the difficulties of young people, related to separation from loved ones, meeting with the new condition of "immigrant" and rebuilding family relationship.
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This article contributes to a wider understanding of the Münchausen syndrome by proxy, which is a form of child abuse, very complex and destructive, difficult to diagnose and individualized. The abuser, most often the mother, induces the symptom to the child, for which he addresses and requires the intervention of a specialist. Thus, the victim is subject to medical treatments, often invasive and very painful but unnecessary. The complexity of this type of abuse also consists in the difficulty of an early diagnosis as well as in the anticipated perception of the risk of Münchausen victimization. // The paper aims to inform those who are directly or indirectly in contact with problems related to this syndrome.
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The social integration of young offenders involves several components: cultivating self-confidence, restoring and maintaining family ties, discovering and encouraging prosocial interests (eg. work, literacy, education, etc.), the positive influence of co-workers and friends but also integration through work.
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Author of the revirewed monography: Glavan Aurelia, neurologist, doctor of psychology, associate professor
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Metamorfoze ale potenţialităţilor educative ale familiei în societatea modernă
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The article contains a theoretical study with raxiological implications, which elucidates a brief foray into the landmarks and possibilities of positive psychology to guide young people to personal development in the context of knowing life prospects and developing the Existential Project to build a happy family. The author analyzes the flexible and rigid mentality of the person, which is correlated with the perspectives of life, mentioning the strong and vulnerable aspects of the perspectives: accentuated-positive on the past; moderate-positive on the future and moderate - hedonistic and eudaimonic on the present. In this context, a mini-research is presented on determining the type of perspectives that prevail in young people and adults, including how they can influence building and maintaining a happy family. Next, two types of people are described, some who make maximalist choices and others who focus on satisfactory choices. It also explains the reason for the functionality of satisfactory elections. The aspects analyzed and interpreted in the study in question contributed to the determination of the conditions for the successful elaboration and application of the Existential Project for building a happy family; of strategies/ steps to maintain it and optimize the personal efficiency of marital partners.
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The family has always had a central place in human history, and it has been seen as the most important social structure of all. The family is the most stable and oldest form of humanlife, guaranteeing the permanence of humanity, the evolution and the continuity of life in society. The social dimension of the family describes the system of relationships between couples, parents, children and other siblings. From a sociological perspective, the family is seen as the foundation of human society and contributes to its formation, because men, women and children are connected in a relationship only throught he power of thefamily. With in the family, they learn various types of cultures, normsand values that individuals must later put into practice in society, in order to contribute to the well-being and evolution of the community. The family, however, is influencedby a series of factors which became more visible in the recent years. The issue of migration, child abandonment, declining birthrates and nuptials, seen in terms of thesocial impact on families in Romania, is extremely serious not only now but in the longrun as well. Being a micro-society, the family under goes changes in its owndynamics due to changes in society and in the environments in which its members live andwork, but through the mechanism of self-regulation, adaptation, communication, its members can restore the stability.
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The media debates in Romania on family issues and their definition emphasised the need for multiple perspective analysis. In the present study we have proposed to carry out a research on issues related to the reporting of the preadolescents to the family members considering, on the one hand, the psychological characteristics of this period in human life, and on the other hand, the external influences that constantly devaluate family. The results of the research confirm the existence of a family crisis at the relational level: most students characterize their family members by statements containing factual data and less on issues that take into account the feelings between them.
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This study aims to highlight the internal elements of religious education. The Sacred and the sacred play a very important role in the religious educational system. The image of the sacred is revealed in a clearer way in the New Testament in Christ: Who is greater than the temple. Another chapter is dedicated to cultural beliefs such as those imagined by Grace Davie for Great Britain: believing without belonging. The historical sequence has the role of identifying possible Christian educational models in the first fathers of the Church. The last chapter is dedicated to the theological tasks that are imposed in the context of secular pressures.
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Family education and the training of younger generations, through family counseling within the school, are valuable and become an indispensable necessity in the process of strengthening and harmonizing family relationships. Thus, the school has a new function, the remediation and support of the family, the realization of effective family education, adjustment to the problems and demands of the social integration of the young generation. This objective aims at supporting and counseling not only the student but also the family within the educational institution. Collaboration of educational agents through the counseling of the pupil and his / her family is a current priority aimed at making the best possible use of the family to optimize the child's education and to strengthen family relationships. Children's education includes not only their training, but also their counseling to learn effectively and sustainably, thus providing conditions conducive to the harmonious formation and development of personality.
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The family is the first social framework that every person uses in order to develop as a person. Its main purpose and function is to provide the multiplication, continuation and growth of humankind. The family is a keystone for the security and balance of social life, given that it naturally ensures birth, upbringing and training of society’s members. Through their children, spouses open more towards society in general, which they need in order to raise their children and to integrate them in society. The family promotes the cohesion of the religious community, not isolated or solitary individuals. In the 21st century, unexpectedly, the role of the family in society and education is changing more and more radically. Postmodernism leads the Enlightenment further. In fact, it makes it more current. Here's the big challenge for the family. This article addresses these issues.
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The article provides a psychological perspective on the family, on building relationships within the family, analyzing two important concepts from this point of view: attachment and parenting. From a relational point of view, the family represents the “safe base”, to which the child can return at any time when he needs safety, protection, affection. Attachment is the bond that is formed between the child and the mother / caregiver in the first years of life and is the prototype of the relationships that the child will build in the future. The attachment relationship puts its fingeprint on the child's development from a physical, cognitive and psychosocial point of view. Parenting is the ability of parents to be responsible for building the child's personality in the first years of life, to provide education, protection, affection, awareness of the parental role and of the importance of parent-child relationship in the first years of life. Educational styles, parental attitudes and parental competence are factors that decisively condition the construction of the parent-child relationship and the child's development in the first years of life.
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STEM education involves equal attention to the disciplines of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. Adding the Arts, respectively Reading, two new concepts called STEAM and STREAM were obtained. The training of STEM experts in today's society is a real necessity in our country. A large share of the trades that will exist in the next 10-20 years have not been invented, and many trades will disappear completely. In addition to the essential role that the teacher has in students training, the teacher-student-parent relationship greatly influences the teaching-learning act. It is well known that the close relationship between school and family leads to improved academic achievement of students, increased motivation and the creation of a positive educational climate. Through this article, I set out to analyze the influence of parenting styles in the training of STEM experts.
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review:Alexandru Buzalic, Anatomia unei crize: 2019-2020. De la mutațiile unei culturi în criză spre Biserica de mâine, Târgu-Lăpuș, Editura Galaxia Gutenberg, 2020, 316 p.
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Review:Călin-Ioan Dușe, Imperiul Roman șicreștinismul în timpul Părinților Apostolici, Cluj-Napoca, Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2019, 475 p
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Review:Larisa Cuznețov, Cultura educației familialesau mica enciclopedie de formare a competențelor parentale, Chișinău, Tipografia CEP USM, 2020, 306 p.
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Review:Miron Erdei, Elemente de omiletică înpreocupările teologilor români, Oradea, Editura Universității din Oradea, 2015, 254 p.
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Editorial:„În mâinile Tale îmi voi da duhul meu,Doamne…” (Ps. 30, 5) – înțelesul pascal al morții
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The Byzantine Liturgy has several moments for the commemoration of the dead but, paradoxically, those meant to be made in the hearing of all are considered secondary, whilst those made in silance – during the Prothesis and the Anaphora (even if in some periods the Anaphora was recited aloud) – are understood of primary importance. It is a fact that the nominal commemorations made in the received tradition during the Prothesis (Proskomide) are originated inclusively from the transition of the deaconal dipthychs of the Anaphora where only some remnants of the ancient diptychs and intercessions of the priest are still present. These unheard and ignored intercessions (even because of the singing of the Axion), were in the past the core of the ancient prayers for the living and the dead. In this paper, the author selects and analyzes the primary eucharistic texts referring to this matter, discussing the context in which each local liturgical tradition understood and practiced the eucharistic prayer for the deceased.
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Even though it is no longer included in The Office for the Burial of a Layman, the exapostilarion “Now I am at rest…”, was a part of this service for a long time; it is currently present only in The Office for the Burial of an Infant and in The Funeral Office for a Departet Priest or Deacon. However, in practice, this exapostilarion is sung in some places in Transylvania also at the burial of a layman, leaving aside or ignoring the idiomela traditionally attributed to St. John of Damascus († 749). About the history of this exapostilarion and about its “disappearance” from The Office of the Burial of a Layman, we will try to write in this article.
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During the liturgical week, Saturdays have an intermediate place between weekdays (Monday-Friday) and Sundays. The liturgical theme of the Saturday celebrations is double: the commemoration of all Saints and all the departed, with the focus on one theme or the other. This specific situation lead to the existence of two different liturgical structures for a Saturday celebration. The first, resembling the usual weekday order – during which at Matins is sung The Lord is God… –, is frequently used; the second – during which at Matins is sung Alleluia –, has become almost obsolete, probably as a consequence of the difficulties related to its celebration. The present study intends to present an algorithm which allows the identifications of the liturgical days when Alleluia services might be celebrated, to perform a brief analysis of the structure of these celebrations, and to identify the system according to which hymns are distributed across these liturgical celebrations.
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Similarly to the Holy Sacraments, the funeral service used to be celebrated within the Eucharist, as witnessed by ancient testimonies. The current service is the result of the merging of elements proper to the Constantinopolitan Studite tradition and the monastic Sabaite practice. Gradually, the structure of the Matins incorporated elements of the studite hymnography (Antiphons and Hymns) and elements of the sabaite hymnography (the Kanon), so that between the 10th-12th centuries, the funeral office gained an unique form. Prayers and hymnography (such as Kanons) were added according to the different types of the dead: laymen, infants, celebrants, monks and bishops. During the time of St. Symeon of Thessalonika, the funeral service for laymen was structured close the the rite known today. Full of theological meaning, the funeral rite emanates both a catechetical and educative character, as well as a pastoral one, focusing on the importance of living an earthly life which is guided by the evangelical spirit, as a preparation for the Great Passing towards the highest step of eternal holiness and communion with the Holy Trinity. One feature of this office is that it is sung. The purpose is to offer hope, spiritual strength and comfort to the sorrowful. Therefore, some of the most famous Romanian precentors and church music professors have composed the music for the funeral office of a layman, in order to enrich this liturgical order and to support the missionary work of our Church among its spiritual sons. In the context of the pandemic, addressing the theme of funeral is indisputable, because it can help us rediscover the real meaning of life, which unfortunately, many have left behind.
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The purpose of this study is to offer a close insight about the development of the Office for the burial of a layman, as witnessed by several important liturgical manuscripts and printed editions of the Slavo-Romanian Euchologia dated to the 16th-17th c. and preserved at the Romanian Academy Library (BAR). These liturgical documents describe a distinct Office for the burial of a layman than the curent received formulary, some differences being the lack of a Canon, the distinct selection of hymnography, the insertion of the first stasis of the anabathmoi of each tone and the use of different prayers of absolution for the deceased. The author concludes that there was a strong monastic influence on the redactive process of the Office for the deceased layman, that in the 17th c., the Euchologion printed at Câmpulung in 1635 contributed to reaching a certain degree of uniformity in the Romanian liturgical practice, and that the Trebnik of Peter Mohyla (1646) also influenced the local liturgical usage.
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The context of today's world reveals a society overwhelmed with self-esteem, seasoned with the successful goals of the daily agenda, hurried to consume indiscriminately, greedy for any smell, taste and thought that provokes pleasure. In the face of the spectacle that unfolds uninterruptedly before our eyes, on television, at work and in traffic, the contemporary man is rather accustomed to the death of others, in accidents and crimes presented in the news. Time flies irreversibly, and if we ask people what they think about the passing of time, most will say that it is slipping away. Therefore, we live on the run, we eat on the run, we love on the run, we sleep on the run. We live in a world where action and feverishness are valued. The watchwords seem to be activity, movement, success. We have entered a civilization that hates pause, suspension, inactivity. Thinking of the future, we must wisely govern every day of our lives. In other words, the time we have at our disposal can be the time of falling or the time of rising, it can be the time of fruiting or the time of scattering the gifts we have been endowed with by God. When man thinks of his death, then he begins to despise the vanity of the world. His pleasures and pains appear to him, at the same time, laden with futility, and then a little miracle happens in his soul: there is silence. Extracted from the noise, the priorities, the activities that consume his soul, the man takes the relentless reality of death and lays it like a tombstone over what almost everyone calls life. The liturgy of death is a true Christian pedagogy of love, attachment and respect between members of the same family (children towards their deceased parents and siblings, but also parents towards their own deceased children) and between members of the Church, the great Christian family. In other words, what we do for our parents and relatives past to eternity must be repeated by our with us. This is the proof of love that does not forget those who are no longer among us and who is stronger than death, passing beyond the entrance of the grave.
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Inspired by the brilliant musicological work of the composer and professor Adrian Pop - The Romanian Requiem –, in this paper the author makes an theological-musical analysis on this vocal-symphonic genre in the Romanian creation. More precisely, the author is focusing on the Parastasis Requiem (Recviemul parastas), composed by Marțian Negrea (+ 1973) and on a recent masterpiece of the genre, Commemoration – A Parastasis Requirem (Pomenire-Un recviem parastas) by Ștefan Niculescu (+ 2008). The purpose of the study is to see how this synthesis between two different cultures – Western and Eastern – was achieved, both representing the psychological springs of a composition referring to the theme of the “great passage” and to highlight the theological, liturgical and musical means of expressing it at its finest.
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Review: Vasileios Marinis, Death And the Afterlife in Byzantium. The Fate of the Soul in Theology, Liturgy, and Art, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2017, 202 p.
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Review: Nicolae Preda, Rânduiala rugăciunii ce se facedupă ieșirea sufletului din trup, conform Psaltirii de la 1818, Edit. Basilica, București, 2015, 352 p.
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Articolul discută un tipar de turnare descoperit în anul 2013 în situl de la București-Băneasa, Str. Gârlei. Pe baza analogiilor, tiparul se datează în secolele VI-VII p.Chr., perioadă bine reprezentată în acest sit printr-un număr mare de construcții adâncite. În condițiile în care lucrările agricole au afectat întreg situl, distrugând eventualele niveluri de locuire, precum și părțile superioare ale construcțiilor adâncite, este dificil de stabilit contextul în care a fost abandonat tiparul. Piesa putea fi folosită pentru turnarea unor aliaje de staniu și/sau plumb cu puncte de topire scăzute și pentru obținerea unor artefacte de mici dimensiuni, folosite ori ca piese de sine stătătoare ori ca elemente integrate ulterior în structura unor podoabe sau accesorii mai elaborate. Prin particularitățile sale, tiparul ne permite să surprindem un ecou îndepărtat al podoabelor din metale prețioase bogat ornamentate cu granulație, estetica noilor piese păstrându-și valențele decorative în pofida valorii reduse a materiilor prime folosite și a originalității abordării tehnologice.
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The subject of this article is a bowl discovered at the Gumelniţa settlement from Moara din Groapă, during rescue archaeological research carried out in 1976. The bowl displays a white symbol on its outer bottom - a double sign so far unknown among the variety of paint and incised signs found on the Kodjadermen-Gumelnița-Karanovo VI pottery. The Gumelnița culture (part of the Kodjadermen-Gumelnița-Karanovo VI cultural complex) is generally characterized by undecorated or minimally plastic decorated pottery, although it is better known by a series of very expressive anthropomorphic and zoomorphic vessels, or by those decorated with graphite, and the bicolored or extremely seldom, trichrome painted vessels. In this context, this vessel is an outstanding find.
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Archaeological research at the Dămăroaia-Pod site from 2019 revealed new archaeological features as a waste pit from the La Téne period, IVth-IIIrd centuries B.C. and two rectangular-shaped dwellings from the VI-VIIth centuries A.D. respectively. Both dwellings had an oven located in the northeast corner of the house, typical for this period. The filling in ovens consists of potsherds and clay-baked rolls which were probably used for long-term storage of heat inside the house.
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The discovery of some walls in the south-western part of the churchyard of Domnița Bălașa during the preventive excavations in 2020 determined us to continue the research and to find out more data about the newly unveiled building. Thus, after studying the old plans, we found out that around the church, in the 19th century, a building appeared, erected in the 18th century by Domnița Bălașa, the daughter of Constantin Brâncoveanu. The information we have about this has indicated to us that we are dealing with the cells of the church in which the Women's Asylum functioned for a period of time, as it appears from the inscription of the second church. During the research, we revealed 13 walls and 10 rooms -. At this point the walls we have discovered indicate a building with two rows of rooms arranged on both sides of a central hall. The entries suggest that one could move from one room to another. All these clues make us attribute the archeological vestiges discovered to church cells.
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The preventive archeological research from Marmorosch Blank in 2019-2020 highlighted some of the foundations of the former Serafim Inn, but also of other previous buildings, dating from the 17th-18th centuries. At least two stages of operation of the inn and an drainage system connected to one of the rooms have been investigated. To the east of the inn's foundations, a water pipe was identified, made from ceramic tubes embedded in the brick.
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The 31 monetary signs and a Histrian coin of the "wheeled" type were discovered following archaeological research carried out between 1968 and 2001 in the peninsula of ancient Tomis. The following are analyzed in detail: a number of 5 monetary signs and a "wheeled" coin coming from the forgotten inventory of a closed funerary complex, of particular importance in terms of their association as monetary symbols used to pay Charon to cross the Styx River; 3 monetary signs discovered on Sulmona street no. 7; 8 monetary signs discovered on Constantin Brâncoveanu street no. 4; and 12 monetary signs discovered on Arhiepiscopiei street no. 23. All these isolated findings from archaeological research prove once again the establishment of relations with economic and trade values established between the two demographic ethnic presences from Tomis in the early stages of the arrival of the colonizing population, in a malleable Greek-indigenous environment.
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The author presents a batch consisting of 10 silver staters of Istros, coming, most probably, from a hoard discovered in the northwest of the Black Sea. The coins belong to the second group of issues of this city, dated in the first decades of the 4th century B.C. These were offered for sale on eBay, by a single user, in the form of three lots (two, three and five pieces), between October 31 and November 11, 2020.
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The author analyzes the two Tomitan coin types attributed to Augustus (Regling 2576; PRC, S-1823A), showing that neither of them was actually issued during this emperor’s reign. The first shows obvious similarities with the coins of Titus and, especially, with those struck at the beginning of Domitian's reign. The second one is a rarer type of Nero, recorded in the corpus, but not illustrated (Regling 2589).
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The article at hand discusses the Moldovan divisional coins of Peter I. Recently, two new pieces from Ukrainian private collections were identified (nos. 1-2). They complete the list of already published coins. Among them there is an item from a private collection in Bucovina (no. 4); two pieces from Buruienești coin hoard (nos. 5-6) and one more coin from the so-called “Moscow fund”, kept in the old collections of the Numismatic Department, The Library of the Romanian Academy (no. 3). Data on six coins allow us to propose some typological criteria, which are closely related to the typology of the Groats, the basic currency of the Moldovan monetary system (see plate I). According to them, for obvers there are known two types (I and III) with two subtypes (B and F), for reverse – three subtypes of two major types (Ba of the type I, Bb, and Ea of the type II). Coins were struck with six pairs of dies, without any connection between them. The iconographic analysis of the coins, expressed in plate II, shows the chronology of the monetary issues. According to it, the earliest obverses are those with seven Fleur-de-lis of IB type (no. 1-5), the latest one – with five Fleur-de-lis of IIIF type (no. 6). According to the metrological data, the average weight of the coins is 0.28 grams with an average diameter of 12.5 mm. This average weight represents about one-third part of the Groats' weight. These data support the idea that divisional items were minted following a certain metrological standard. At the moment, it’s hard to identify the standard set by the state, due to the incomplete data we have at hand. The equivalent of coins of this kind can be found in the Polish-Hungarian monetary system under the reign of Louis I between 1370 and 1382. To solve the problem in dating our coins two important marks can be taken into consideration: the lower chronological limit, related to the creation of the Moldovan monetary system in the period 1379-1382, and the upper one, set by the date of hiding of the Buruienești hoard, placed around 1385/1386. In our opinion, the introduction of divisional specimen took place before 1382, during the period when the Principality was still under the strong influence of the Polish-Hungarian union of Louis I.Minting of Moldovan coins – groats and half groats, of the same type and same iconographic execution, could have lasted for a period of several years. This allows us to consider that the minting of the divisional coins continued in the first year or even the first years of Maria Anjou’s reign. At the current stage of research, we opt for a longer dating period, which can be set around 1382, respectively with one-two years before and after this date.
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The authors present a monetary hoard from the end of the 16th century discovered at Bora, Ialomița County. The hoard consists of 24 coins, four gold ducats from the Netherlands and Hungary and 20 large European silver coins struck in Austria, the Netherlands, Transylvania, various principalities and cities within the Roman-German Empire. The most recent coin, a gold ducat struck by Zeeland in 1595, shows that the treasure was hidden during the reign of Michael the Brave, in the context of the events that took place after the battle of Călugăreni. The analysis of the hoard suggests that the coins arrived in Wallachia rather by military means, for the payment of the soldiers.
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During the First World War, medals and plaques made by the Assistance Committee of the Romanian Red Cross in Paris in order to support the health system, the soldiers on the front, prisoners of war and their families, are generally found in literature under the name of „medals and plaques of the Franco-Romanian collaboration”. Carefully crafted and cared for, these small pieces reveal, in addition to the historical content that completes the image of the Romanian community in Paris, information on the work technique and style specific to the art of modern French medalistics. Through this study we propose to replenish the number of plaques already published in this segment with seven single-type plaques and a personalized plaque minted in the mentioned period at the initiative of the committee. The last piece was given to Alexandru Emilian Lahovary, the delegate minister of Romania in Paris and honorary president of one of the Romanian charitable associations in the French capital. Considered today a unique plaque due to the presence of the legend on the reverse, the piece found in the collections of the Museum of Bucharest Municipality challenges us once again to discuss this method of keeping engraved in metal valuable information about the period in which they were made and the purpose they served.
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Through non-linguistic communication we mean any communication act where the elements of messages are from outside of language. The non-linguistic expressions can be classified in icons and symbols. We can understand the non-linguistic expressions just using linguistic means. Hence, the non-linguistic communication is secondary relatively to the linguistic form of communication. In fact, people can understand each other only through language.
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In visual anthropology there are three different directions, overlapping but also competing with each other at the same time: there is the visual anthropology itself,which focuses mainly on the production of ethnographic and folklore film, for promotionand teaching; another kind of visual anthropology aims at the study of pictorial means usuallyrepresentedbytelevisionandfilm;andthethirdsubcategoryistheanthropologyofvisualcommunication(anthropologyofthevisual),themostambitiousofthethree,whichincludestheanthropologicalstudyofallformsofculturalvisuality,aswellastheproductionof visual media for anthropological purposes. An overview on the epistemologicaland methodological implications of visual anthropology reveals a whole new direction ofresearch, in which the role of the scientific text must be rethought in the light of nonverbalmeans.
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Caused by the lack of ecological education and the precariousness of knowledge and documentation from scientific sources, in the field of environment and conservation, but also given the context of intensely publicized episodes of the human-bear conflict, a significant part of the Romanian media covers such topics in a sensationalist and unilateral manner, amplifying the idea of imminent danger and implicitly inducing emotions and feelings of fear, panic and hostility in relation to the brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos), a wild species protected by law in Romania and in Europe. At another level of professionalism, the Romanian media outlets that practice quality journalism, cover the events in which brown bears are involved from a more equidistant view, with more responsibility, using data, reports, scientific studies and / or experts in the field of Environmental Science and Conservation. Unfortunately, the category of reactive, sensationalist, superficial approaches, with emphasis on the emotional side, clearly exceeds quantitatively the category of professional, factual, balanced approaches, which provide context and perspectives of specialists, constructively problematizing the situation of brown bears.
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José Donoso described, in his novel The Obscene Bird of Night (1970), the particular way in which an old and noble family, Azcoitía, gradually decays and eventually dies out. Of course, allusions to the progressive degradation of the contemporary Chilean society, to interpersonal relations in a world living exclusively under the sign of social conventions are the constant concerns of the Chilean author and all these are illustrated through the story of Jerónimo and the Azcoitía family, tentatively written by Humberto Peñaloza. The text of this amazing and great Latin American novel is dominated by two strongly interconnected essential issues: the monster and power. The monster might represent, according to the opinions formulated by Michel Foucault (in his famous study entitled History of Madness), a threat to all the general accepted social conventions, offering to the reader another type of literary discourse, which undermines the pre-existing aesthetic order and reveals some new and original potentialities of contemporary literature itself.
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Vera Proca-Ciortea was a leading expressionist and structuralist choreographer in Romania and, at the same time, an internationally renowned researcher in ethnochoreology and dance theoretician. This study is an attempt at revealing some significant philosophical implications of dance while following her ideas from the manuscript entitled The Choreographic Training of the Actor, which can be found as a typed document in the library of The National University of Theatrical Art and Cinematography „Ion Luca Caragialeˮ from Bucharest. The metaphysical importance of dance springs from its necessary bondage with corporality and movement, thus being relatable to contemporary philosophical orientations like Martin Heidegger’s ontology from Being and Time (1927) or Alfred North Whitehead’s process metaphysics from Process and Reality (1929). Yet, my text will focus on theoretical implications that modern – and, implicitly, contemporary – dance techniques and principles have regarding issues such as: space-construction in movement; the dynamic-qualitative effects of movement; the (re)discovery of organicity; the (e)motional exploration of the body through dance. With this aim, I will use Vera Proca-Ciortea’s six principles of modern and contemporary dance and Rudolf Laban’s insights from his 1966 Choreutics.
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Documentary film is an art that has preoccupied the human soul for more than a century now. One of the pioneers of this cinematic genre, Dziga Vertov, was the one who managed to give the viewer a different perspective on the world around him, through the ‘cine-eye’, thus creating a new small universe inside man. Ethnographic documentary film is said to have appeared once with the first documentaries, and now there are more and more filmmakers and anthropologists interested in it. In the landscape of the Romanian documentary, Dumitru Budrală is one of these names, but also Nicoară Mihali, on whom we stopped, who deals with themes of Maramureș anthropology, in a documentary rich in visual poetry, in visual symbols. In this study, we chose to analyze the symbolism of water in his film, for which we chose the qualitative methodology as an appropriate one, more precisely the content analysis of the symbolic meanings of water, after which we found a persistence and a trend of using certain meanings of the symbol of water in the chosen documentaries, from the first documentary of the filmmaker, until now.
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The wisdom expressed by the great epic Hindu story is for one to do his own duty, even partially, than doing better someone else’s duty. Even partial, thefulfillment of his own duty makes possible the connection of individuals and communitiesto the larger, greater universal harmony. This is dharma. Obeying dharma, fulfillingthe inherent duty, means taking part to the greater plan set up besides individual pettyinterests and selfish actions. Whenever dharma is in danger, no longer praised by humans,the world is on the brink of chaos. There is the moment when the avatar of the Great LordVishnu is taking his humanly aspect, teaching the lesson of dharma, destroying the worldand even the whole humanity if needed, in order to restore universal harmony, as depictedin the epic story of Mahābhārata.
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This study deals with the way in which the Revolution of December 1989 was recorded in the pages of the journal "Mitropolia Ardealului", the official magazine of the Archdiocese of Sibiu, the Archdiocese of Vad, Cluj and Feleac, the Diocese of Alba Iulia and the Diocese of Oradea. I analyzed the evolution of the religious discourse during january - december 1990, from the texts published in issues 1 - 6 of the theological journal „Mitropolia Ardealului”, regarding the Revolution of December 1989.This study deals with the way in which the Revolution of December 1989was recorded in the pages of the journal „Mitropolia Ardealului”, the official magazineof the Archdiocese of Sibiu, the Archdiocese of Vad, Cluj and Feleac, the Diocese ofAlba Iulia and the Diocese of Oradea. I analyzed the evolution of the religious discourseduring january - december 1990, from the texts published in issues 1 - 6 of the theologicaljournal „Mitropolia Ardealului”, regarding the Revolution of December 1989.
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Jan Saudek's photographic work is crossed by a series of leitmotifsidentified and dissected by the scalpel of the critics, although the most recurring of themseems to have been neglected: mirroring, in the form of reflection and juxtaposition.This stylistic effect has consequences which often exceed his creation, being visibleeven in the photographs of his disciple Sára Saudková. Affected by the atrocities of thewar, unrecognized as an artist by the Czechoslovak communist regime and deprived ofthe understanding of his ex-wives and children, he remains true to his visions, fightingthe kitsch that always haunted him. Paradoxically, in the self-critical sincerity of theoctogenarian Jan Saudek, the recognition of his artistic value is obviously mirrored.
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Situl medieval de la Șibot (Câmpul Pâinii) a fost fost cercetat în anul 2012, prin lucrări de cercetare arheologică preventivă. Zona de pe valea Mureșului, bogată în materiale arheologice, a confirmat prezența unui sat medieval, distrus la sfârșitul secolului al XV-lea, în timpul bătăliei de la Câmpul Pâinii (13 octombrie 1479). Cercetarea arheologică a confirmat prezenţa potenţialului arheologic, fiind identificate şi investigate exhaustiv 300 de complexe arheologice.Demersul de faţă prezintă rezultatele analizei obiectelor din os descoperite pe suprafața sitului. Artefactele analizate provin din complexele de locuire ale sitului, fiind vorba de obiecte de uz casnic (într-un singur caz este vorba de plăseaua unui cuțit de luptă), un total de 23 obiecte. Din totalul artefactelor vorbim despre patru pieptăni din os, cinci ace de cusut (din care unul încă la stadiul de prelucrare), trei nasturi (sau fragmente de nasturi), șase plăsele de os/corn (sunt de la cuțiele de bucătărie, unul singur fiind de la un cuțit de luptă), patru aplice (de diferite forme), și un obiect din corn ce servea drept cuier/agățătoare.
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Cercetările arheologice din orașul medieval Caransebeș, din afara ariei fortificate, au dus la descoperirea unui monument de cult și a necropolei aferente. Aceasta a fost precedată de un alt cimitir, datat în veacurile XI-XII. În biserică au fost cercetate mai multe cripte, iar în exteriorul său au fost trasate câteva casete în care erau morminte datate în secolele XIV-XVI. Săpătura a fost reluată în anul 2017, când au fost cercetate alte 35 de complexe funerare. În partea de sud a navei bisericii, a fost descoperită o grupare de morminte de înhumație deranjate, aparținătoare unor copii. Unul dintre acestea, anume M. 33/2017, a avut ca inventar funerar o monedă datată în veacul al XVI-lea, emisă în timpul domniei lui Ferdinand I (1526-1564) și resturi dintr-o țesătură. Acestea din urmă au fost identificate în spatele craniului, la câțiva centrimetri. Din ele s-au mai păstrat urme de culoare verde, provenite din procesul de oxidare pe oasele craniului.Lucrarea de faţă cuprinde studiile antropologic şi paleopatologic al scheletului de copil, descoperit în campania arheologică din anul 2017, în mormântul nr. 33 din Biserica Medievală din Caransebeş, jud. Caraş-Severin, datat în secolul al XVI-lea. Scheletul respectiv a aparţinut unei fetiţe în vârstă de 7 ani+24 luni. Inventarul său funerar ne sugerează provenienţa ei dintr-o familie bogată. Totuşi, după cum ne indică datele paleopatologice de pe oase, ea a decedat, foarte probabil, ca urmare a îmbolnăvirii sale de scorbut. Acesta este primul caz de scorbut documentat arheologic pe teritoriul României.Probele constând în principal din fragmente arheologice de material textil au fost analizate prin microscopie optică și spectrometrie cu fluorescență de raze X. Examinările prin microscopie optică au relevat faptul că este posibil ca bentița copilului să fi fost lucrată dintr-un material textil de mătase albastră pe care a fost aplicată o dantelă argintie lucrată cu două tipuri de fire metalice tip bandă metalică, mai subțiri (benzi înguste) și mai groase (benzi late), strâns înfășurate în S pe miez textil din mătase albă nevopsită, răsucită în S sau în Z.În urma analizelor XRF a rezultat că majoritatea firelor metalice au fost produse din alamă argintată, alama având un conținut mai mic de 20% de zinc în compoziție. În funcție de conținutul în zinc al firelor metalice se poate presupune ca bentița copilului este de secolul al XVI-lea, cunoscut fiind din literatura de specialitate că alamele cu zinc mai mare de 20% în compoziție încep să apară spre sfarșitul secolului al XVI-lea ca urmare a dezvoltării procesului de cementare a cuprului topit cu calamina, de abia spre sfârșitul secolului al XVII-lea începând să se producă alame cu conținut mai mare de 33% datorită utilizării unei noi metode de obținere a alamei prin alierea cuprului cu zincul metalic brut (speltering).Analizele fizico-chimice întăresc datarea mormântului în veacul al XVI-lea.
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În ultimii 50 de ani, numeroase cercetări arheologice au fost realizate la mănăstirea Probota (jud. Suceava). Cele mai importante au început în anul 1994 și s-au încheiat în 2000, fiind parte a proiectului de restaurare al întregului ansamblu. Ulterior, câteva lucrări edilitare efectuate în incinta mănăstirii au fost precedate de noi cercetări arheologice, care au permis observarea unor detalii constructive legate de istoria Turnului Tezaur (situat în partea de nord-vest a mănăstirii) și de starea sa de conservare actuală.
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Globalization and being a part of the European legal bloc promised more zeal for the Romanian comparative study of law. This has not happened in the last decade, but it has not prevented the assertion of researchers passionate about the legal comparison. We review a particular work, essential and worthy of being remembered. 'Șapte dileme în teoria comparației' (Seven dilemmas in the comparative theory) is a collection of texts by Ms Raluca BERCEA focused on the comparative phenomenon, its categories, and its environment. Understanding law as a cultural phenomenon beyond the positivist horizon allows the author to attack the most challenging issues - the textual truth of the law, the mechanisms of comparativism and its methodology, the structure of comparative discourse, etc. Our invitation to read is justified by the quality of the writing and the richness of the ideas presented.
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Under the Romanian constitutional provisions and the principle of the hierarchy of legal norms, normative administrative regulations cannot enforce rules in areas that are the exclusively subject to the organic law (according to art. 73 of the Constitution) and, insofar as this would happen, the law must have priority before the court, and not an illegal act, because, art. 124 of the Constitution states that ‘judges are subject only to the law.’ The Romanian Superior Council of Magistracy is the administrative body with attributions recognised by law in matters related to magistrates’ careers: It can adopt normative administrative acts and regulate specific procedures for organising competitions to promote magistrates. To the extent that an organic law allows it to establish, by decision, rules of administrative litigation, there is a conflict of regulations between such a normative administrative act and Law no. 554/2004 of the administrative contentious – lex generalis in this matter. Having been notified with the settlement of an appeal, the Romanian High Court of Cassation and Justice seems to ignore the constitutional principles, raising the normative administrative act to the rank of ‘law’ in order to exclude the application of the organic law on administrative litigation.The rule provided by article 2 paragraph (1) letter h) of Law no. 554/2004 states that the administration must respond to an individual’s request within 30 days. The regulation of the Romanian Superior Council of Magistracy in question establishes a term of 90 days in which the one who was declared admitted to the competition, without having been classified on a place that would have allowed him/her to occupy one of the places for which he/she competed, can capitalise the results of the contest in order to be promoted, if, during this time, a place is vacated at the court for which he/she opted. Interpreting this term in a surprising and, to some extent, ambiguous manner, the Romanian High Court seems to give it the same legal nature as the term set up by the organic law on administrative litigation, excluding the latter’s applicability. This study examines the legal nature of the 90-day time limit and its place in the logic of time limits in administrative litigation to conclude that the solution given by the Supreme Court to the conflict of regulations and the relationship between the applicable time limits is at least questionable.
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My 'opinion' or, if I may call it so, research begins with a few introductory remarks. It continues with a second section, where the reader may notice a kind of dialogue between APIA and First Investment Bank AD; the two entities discussed whether the Romanian Supreme Court should be asked a question: is the letter of credit an enforceable legal instrument? The third section points out that a lower Romanian court decided that the High Court must intervene, and answer said question. In the fourth section, I try to establish if art. 120 of the Romanian Government’s Ordinance no. 99/2006 applies to a letter of credit. In the fifth one, I highlight that art. 120 of Ordinance no. 99/2006 may be applied to a letter of credit, but only if the underlying contract is a credit contract. The sixth section shows what Romania’s Supreme Court decided, and ends with some food for the thought.
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This article provides an overview of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, in particular finding Article 14 violations of the Convention. Starting from the jurisprudential landmark cases regarding the interpretation of the notion of discrimination, it analyses, in a comparative plan, the forms of discrimination recognized in terms of European legislation and reflected in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights: direct and indirect discrimination, harassment and instruction to discriminate, multiple discrimination and discrimination by association.The table of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights in the last two years is elaborated graphically and presented in detail as per cases where a violation of Article 14 of the Convention has been found in the case of Romania, consistent with the execution of judgments and the state of the supervision process in all these cases. Relevant aspects are pointed out where Romania must resolve pending issues within the terms provided by the Council of Europe’s Department for the Execution of Judgments.Finally, a selective summary of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights adopted between January and June 2021 are outlined, summarizing the most important aspects of the jurisprudence, for are of non-discrimination.
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This article seeks to find answers to the question referred for a preliminary ruling in the case of Case C-163/20, PC CP, pending before the Court of Justice of the European Union.The purpose of this article is to present legally reasoned opinions on the subject-matter of the reference for a preliminary ruling and to show whether it is discriminatory to reduce the family allowance specific to raising minors in the case of migrant workers in Austria but whose minor children reside in the State whose citizens they are.Following the legal analysis, the author concludes that the situation described is discrimination, and the answer to the question referred should be in the affirmative, namely that EU law prohibits the application of a national law which diminishes the specific family allowance for raising children in in the case of migrant workers who are in the territory of the Austrian State but whose minor children reside in the territory of the State of which they are nationals.
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The ECHR decision from 27 April 2021 in the case Tőkés v. Romania is a key step in the “flag wars” started at the beginning of the ‘90s and which are still continuing today. Based on this framing of the issue, the article focuses on the observations submitted by the Governmental Agent and highlights his endorsement of the anti-minority tenets that have dominated the post-Communist policy of the Romanian state; and his distorted interpretation of recommendations and conventions that Romania has promoted and signed. I analyze the content of the dissent opinion in the ECHR case from 27 April 2021, signed by judges Iulia Antoanella Motoc and Gabriele Kucsko-Stadlmayer. This opinion reinterprets the decision of the majority and suggests how the national courts should (not) take into account the decision given by the Court in Strasbourg in the case Tőkés v. Romania – an incitement to disregard the position of the ECHR. I argue that, seen as a whole, the institutional behavior of the police and Prosecutor’s Office and the behavior of the institutions at the interface between the Romanian state and international organizations (the Governmental Agent, the judge sent by the Romanian state to ECtHR) is the expression of a „systemic anti-Hungarianism”.
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