TEORIILE PRODUCERII OBOSELII
Fatigue is a physiological, reversible state of the body that occurs after a strenuous effort, manifested by a diminished capacity for physical and mental effort and which disappears when resting.
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Fatigue is a physiological, reversible state of the body that occurs after a strenuous effort, manifested by a diminished capacity for physical and mental effort and which disappears when resting.
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NATO Crisis Response System needs planning and execution of Information Operations to control and dominate the information environment of confrontation. For this, the fundamental elements (objectives, activities, target audiences and effects) that characterize each specific field of Information Operations, need to be coordinated, synchronized and prioritized whether we speak of Article 5 collective defense operations or non-Article 5 crisis response operations. Complementary components of the NATO Crisis Response System: Preventive Options, Crisis Response Measures, Counter Surprise, NATO Security Alert States and Counter Agression can be related to specific domains of Information Operations. It can be seen that in case of Crisis Response Measures, Counter Surprise and Counter Agression all domains of Information Operations can be used while in the case of Preventive Options and NATO Security Alert States only some of these domainss can be valued.
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In order for an army to be competitive in accordance with NATO standards, it needs three things: proper endowment (gear and equipment), proper military training and, last but not least, the quality and number of staff members. The importance thereof for obtaining a professional army, along positive mental attitude, cannot be emphasized enough if the recruitment and selection of staff is not adequate from the physical standpoint.
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Special Forces are partially the answer to new types of conflicts of the 21st century.Their place and role is given by how efficiently they carry out their missions.
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The Strategic Partnership is a tool of foreign policy through which partners assume the responsibility of connection strategies with the aim of accoplishing common purposes. The development of the Strategic Prtnership is an integral part of the transnational cooperation model which diminishes the differences between power and interdependence. Relations between the European Union and China cover an extended array of domains that are concentrated in the formula of the Strategic Partnership. The main focus of the article is the analysis of the feasibility of the sino-european Strategic Partnership based on its specific characteristics that are resulted from the scientific exploration of the theoretical approach.
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The military field is the one in which the process of securitization is most likely to be strongly institutionalized. In the military sector, the state remains the most important reference point and the state leaders are the most important actors of securitization. This situation exists not only because states manage military resources much larger than of other actors, but also because the elites in power have evolved from the legal and political point of view, being the first pretenders for the legitimate right to use force, both within and outside their domain.
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The postmodern paradigm brings about a new understanding of history by highlighting its provisional character and questioning the apparent neutrality, objectivity and comprehensiveness which historical writings lay claim to. Historians, theoreticians and novelists of the era talk of the ‘end of history’ understood as a sum of truthful statements about the past and draw attention to the narrative, ideological and discursive dimensions of history. Historiography entails selecting and sorting the traces of the past, endowing events of the past with meaning, interpretation of the ensuing facts and the creation of a narrative by means of tropes and imagination. Consequently, historical writings have much in common with literary writings.
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The proper assessment of the social impact of floods and the way population perceives the associated risks would contribute to an increased public awareness of ecologic or other types of crises. The increase in frequency and intensity of risk phenomena worldwide during the last period urges public institutions to consider risk perception and danger awareness level within potential affected communities as strategic necessities, especially in the case of floods. The present paper approaches some aspects related to risk perception and identifies some behavioral patterns when dealing with flooding risk. The paper’s results could support public administration in the elaboration of natural disasters information plans, funds allocation in post-disaster interventions or public health policies.
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The Balkan Peninsula has represented, over the course of time, a region characterized by instability and social, political, and military unrest. The existence of a large number of ethnic groups, within a complex mixture of religions, culture and traditions, on a relatively small teritory, has allowed interethnic conflicts after the end of the Cold War. The problems in the Balkan Peninsula, over the course of time, also had and still have an important impact on Romania, both from the economic and security standpoint. Romanian perception of the Yugoslav crisis manifested differently from the people in power to the opposition, from the mass-media to the simple citizen. Romanian perception of the Kosovo crisis was different, depending primarily on the interest of each of the subjects analyzed.
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Since ancient times logistics has had a fundamental role în the global development. Starting with building the pyramids in Ancient Egypt, Logistics has made remarkable progress. Countless times, brilliant logistic solutions formed the basis for the transition from one historical period to another. For the military, Logistics is a relatively new concept, used to describe a very old practice: supply, circulation and maintenance of the armed forces, both în peacetime and especially în conditions of war.Due to the overwhelming role of Logistics, military planners, the commanders take into account the impact of Logistics în operational training.Logistical considerations are one of the fundamental factors taken into account for the battle plans from the early stages of warfare; without it the combat forces may be only symbols and numbers on a map. This article is intended as part of an ongoing series of three articles on the important stages of historical development of logistics: Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Modern Period. We considered the starting point, the foundation for the development of Logistics to be the evolution of metric systems. Egyptian civilizations development, Persian, Greek or Roman would not have been possible without advanced Logistics for that period.
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The present article is actually a book review of a highly significant book on the Intendance Branch of the Romanian Army.The conclusions of the History Service of the General Staff upon the paper show that “this is a highly valuable book and its publishing would be of great use and interest, not only for professional military personnel – be they combatants or non-combatants – but also for the leadership bodies called upon to run the country’s affairs to the public benefit of everyone”.We considered it necessary to initiate this process of reviewing the book, as next year (2017) there have been 160 years since the special service of Romanian military management was founded.
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The society considers the minor and young as individuals with their personality in development and age-specific rights. This manner of considering them enables their development of honest personalities, in the future being able to perceive the principles of the democratic society and of respecting the citizen rights and freedoms. Due to their immaturity and their age, they are not always able to separate good from evil and, therefore, sometimes they are influenced and determined by adult persons to commit antisocial acts, subsequently becoming delinquents. The involvement of minors or youngsters into an organized group may subsequently lead to serious and severe crimes, such as terrorist offenses.
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People were divided in more categories, named somatic types, based on some physical criteria – muscle mass, height, adipose tissue, bones’ thickness. Even if the somatic type is constant throughout life, the aspect of the body may modify due to training.
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Configuration of modern military actions causes a reconsideration of the role of information. The raw information is used to produce “intelligence”, which has become a multiplier of combat power.I consider that, in the current security environment, the national power capacity is measured not only in its military power, but also in its “intelligence” one.The technological progress has a great influence on the sources and on the information structures in military action space, it can determine the rapid expansion of the military information environment and it constitutes an important multilateral development of information operations which, in turn, directly affect the military actions.Therefore, information is important, in all forms of military actions, and provides the interpretation of the enemy’s intentions, always being a critical element that determines the efficiency of command and control process.
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The development of communication and information technology contributes to the increased complexity of military actions, thus changing its image and the characteristics of the future battlefield. The military conflicts of the last decade have demonstrated the role of surveillance sensors in obtaining an accurate image of the areas in question. The information provided by these systems ensures information superiority over the enemy and the proper engagement of forces and means in the conduct of military operations and in reaching the purpose of the war.
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Romania’s adherence to NATO has involved, among other things, the need to import and apply the military terms used within the Alliance. In this vein, the word operaţional has become part of the Romanian military’s culture and language, being frequently associated with the activities, processes, and structures that are specific to the field of operations. The acceptance and usage of this term was performed in a period when the military had already used the word operativ to refer to the same type of operations. Since there was no transition from the word operaţional to operativ and no delineation between their scopes, this resulted in an unwanted state of confusion.
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The successful use of the military instrument of power, across all levels of the operational art, is influenced by the existence of a rezilient command and control system. From the perspective of an accelerated and flexible decision-making process, this article analyzes the role of cyber defense in providing the requested resilience of the technological component of the C2 system, in an operational environment characterized by the proliferation of cyber risks and threats. The interoperability and connectivity standards required by the military communication and information systems determine a comprehensive and integrated approach to cyber defense, at every level of operational art. Cyber defense implementation requires a unitary military strategy, that should include an extensive interagency communication and cooperation, as well as consultation with specific industries. During armed conflict, this process enables a quick translation of politico-military objectives at operational and tactical level.
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International trade development stands for one of the major projects that represent the foundation of contemporary international system efficiency. Even if at first the 20th century appeared to be influenced by the widespread nationalist approach that promoted small economic spaces development, the indicators obviously proved that during that period the international society evolved slowly towards an interconnected space from an economic point of view. The elements that favoured this type of expansionism are technological development, communications mainly, and the emergence of a new financial system. The basis of this economic-financial way of thinking was laid on the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944. Irrespective of its inaccuracies, the financial system worked out within that conference still represents a reference point for the world economy globalization.
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The principles of relations among states are fundamental rules of International Law, the most important rules of states behavior within the international community. The mandatory compliance with these principles derives from the fact that they are universally accepted, expressing the objective conditions of ensuring cooperation among all states. Diplomacy is an institution in which the social interferes with politics, it is part of each state system of institutions and also of a large network of internationally accepted ones. Political diplomacy and military diplomacy are two concepts that are not mutually exclusive. Moreover, they have evolved together throughout history, managing to harmonize and operate in synchronism which ensures the success of the basic functions of diplomacy on the implementation of the foreign policy of the State, on the protection of the human rights and on the promotion of the State interests and in the same time contributing to the development of cooperation relations among the armies of different States and ensuring the necessary conditions for building and maintaining political and military alliances.
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One of the most important aspects related to the fulfillment of missions by an infantry division consists of an effective and timely logistic support provided by logistic units and subunits, for combat units and large units; during the mobile defense operation, the logistic support is customized for specific functional areas, getting other valences than the usual ones.Movement and transportation get together and form a main domain of a division’s logistic support and include the whole spectrum of infrastructures, organizations, facilities and equipment necessary for the deployment process (including reception, staging, on-ward movement and integration), the logistic sustainment and the redeployment of forces during the fulfillment of their mission.
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The 21st century has brought into attention of the military tacticians the challenge of anticipating future military conflicts, related to new weapons, like those autonomous or controlled from the ground drones, but especially related to the updating of the old strategies in the context of the modernization and globalization of military conflicts. Basically, military conflicts have had and will have as starting point intelligence and the result of using intelligence.
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Cyber security is a matter of global interest and global importance; cyberspace has become the new field of war. According to Canada’s Cyber Security Strategy (2010), cyberspace means the electronic world created by interconnected networks of information technology and intelligence on those networks.Based on these aspects, this article aims at presenting the main aspects of cyber security policy of Canada, respectively aspects of Canada’s Cyber Security Strategy and the Canadian organizations active in the field of cyber security.
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Globalisation, industrialization and complex human aspects, factors that fundamentally influence new operational environment led to the extention of spectrum of threats and uncertainty in military conflicts. To cope with these factors of instability, it is necessary to obtain or maintain information superiority, advantage obtained through intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) activities and operations.In the current context of regional and global security, in NATO’s vision, a joint ISR system is vital for all military operations because such system can provide information and intelligence products to decision makers and performers, ensuring the conditions for making right decisions in a timely manner.
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The article proposes an analysis of the recent structural and conceptual changes of the land forces from NATO armies in the current security environment. In the last decades, the permanent changes in risks and threats against the Alliance have led to different approaches of the land forces transformations from Alliance countries. Although the political and economic interests of the NATO members were sometimes different, in the analyzed period it was noted a comprehensive and common approach of the transformation ways due to the need to ensure a high common security level. In the transformation of the NATO military structures, an important place is represented by the land forces transformation. These changes have had an important role both in the creation of some response forces capable to eliminate a series of vulnerabilities created by potential politico-military adversaries and in the military actions carried out in various theaters of operations.
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The transition of armored vehicles from their traditional role to the one of hybrid actions is conditioned by the change in operational environment, the mutations caused by this change and the way of conducting kinetic actions by the hybrid threat.The transfer of military actions that employ armored vehicles from the unpopulated areas to the urban ones has influenced the role of armored platforms.
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Although many definitions of the armed conflict concept can be identified at the international community level, the legal standards contained by the special juridical branch of International Humanitarian Law applicable, namely the Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols, do not provide a precise definition of the concept. The main generating source of rules in the domain remains state’s practice, conducted in accordance with both the special provisions and the general provisions represented by the United Nations Charter. Even though the deployment method of armed conflicts has undergone important mutations in a relatively short period of time, from a symmetrical character of means to an astounding asymmetry by its novelty and complexity, even for the responsible structures, the four types of armed conflicts identified at the international level kept their individuality, continuing to produce irreversible effects worldwide.
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Hybrid threats were present during most of the conflicts that have occurred over the time by combining conventional methods, specific armed confrontations with unconventional methods. Hybrid threats have evolved exponentially over the time, but the conflicts that took place during the 20th century and especially at the beginning of 21st century are the most relevant in terms of the hybrid nature of the confrontation. As a consequence, I submitted a brief analysis of a number of five conflicts of recent history to highlight specific features of the hybrid conflict.
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Terrorism is a phenomenon which is constantly present nowadays and constantly changing at national and international level. Currently, terrorism has become a weapon being used against countries’ economies. Tourism, one of Turkey’s main economic sector, has been targeted several times by terrorist organizations in the country.In this article, we want to highlight Turkey’s economic losses, as a result of terrorist attacks în the past two years.
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There exists, within the international legal order, a plethora of instruments, mechanisms and jurisdictions, all constructed around human rights. This XXIst century religion has yielded the most complex normative systems and has raised questions varying from its own conceptual validity to that of norm creation in the contemporary legal framework. The purpose of this analysis is to underline the specific characteristics of international human rights jurisdictions, with a special view onto the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union, how such jurisdictions interact, how do competing jurisdictions affect the hierarchy of norms.
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The article is dedicated to the commemoration of 160 years since the introduction of intendence as a distinct armed force service in the Romanian Army.The article shows the sources that prove and document the appearance of intendance branch, as well as testimonies of those whose historical acts led to the foundation of this branch.
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The article is dedicated to the commemoration of 155 years since the introduction Logistics (administration) as a body independent of the other weapons in the Romanian Army.In the article shown documentary sources that support the emergence Logistics (Administration) and testimonies of those who have committed acts historical founding of this category of forces.
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In order to establish a training program it’s necessary for a subject to know how to determine his heart rates through maximum heart rate stress tests or formulas and to know how the body reacts to different intensities of effort, so that one can establish his training zones taking into account his porpose
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Religious activity in the Romanian Army is conducted in accordance with Law no. 195/2000 (Law on the establishment, organization and functioning of military clergy) and the main mission of the chaplain is to ensure a normal religious life to the military, civilian contract personnel and their family members. This mission has an instructive character, to substantiate deepening knowledge and ancestral Orthodox faith, and an educational aspect, which aims to foster and develop moral-religious and social life of the military. Presence and activity of the military priest in the Romanian Armed Forces structures is the guarantee of exercising religious faith by each military, to ensure the right to a normal religious life, depending on the confession or religion to which he belongs, in spirit of the tolerance and mutual respect.
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”Carol I” National Defence University, an unique institution through its age, structure and organization, has always been a representative factor generating knowledge among the other Romanian military education institutions. This is duet o the amplitude of its activities of information related to national security, as well as to its collaboration with the similar institutions in Europe. The article also presents aspects of Romania’s cultural evolution, unprecedented during the interwar period, in order to place the moment when the Bulletin was issued in the framework of the respective age. A representative periodical of the military academic environment, the Bulletin of the ”War School” (as this was the first name of ”Carol I” National Defence University in 1889, subsequently modified several times) managed to grow in importance and significance permanently providing access to scientific information in the military, diplomatic, historic and socio-humanistic domains. Research is based on the documents studied at the Service of Central National Historic Archives, the Romanian Academy Library, and ”Carol I” National Defence University Library.
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Through this article I try to present some of the essential elements regarding the main sectors of military cooperation and the dynamics of the military relations between Romania and the Sub-Saharan states before and after the events in 1989, as well as aspects related to Romania’s contribution to the international missions under the aegis of the United Nations And the European Union in the area of Sub-Saharan countries.
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The paper presents some aspects regarding the methodology of internal audit, respectively system audit engagments. At the same time, there are briefly presented elements regarding the national methodology for carrying out this type of audit engagement, beeing performed an evaluation of the respective methodologies. The specific norms approved at the level of internal public audit compartments are identified and an analysis of them is carried out.
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The evolution of security at regional and international leve land the new threats that proliferate against national security have contributed to increasing the role of the military component of security. The technological development in the last decades has highlighted the role of surveillance sensors and UAV air platforms in having an accurate image of the battle field and increasing the efficiency of military actions in the theatre of operations. The integration of reconnaissance and surveillance sensors in C4ISR system allows the transmition of data in real time, thus answering information supremacy over the enemy and increased quality of decision-making process and having as result the efficient counteraction of a potential enemy.
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In the light of 2014-2020 national defence and security strategic planning documents, the role played by the process of absorption of European funds has been redefined within the national economic security dimension and considered as a part of the national security interest. This new approach represents a strong commitment to the development and implementation of a mixture of defence measures against all vulnerabilities and risks to the economic security of Romania by promoting a culture of ”zero tolerance” towards fraud and corruption.
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A wide range of operational research methods, including graph theory, which are made up of a lot of algorithms, methods, procedures, techniques, based on scientific support, can be used in the organization, planning and optimization of activities carried out at the level of management structures.
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The organization and high level operation of powerful and complex cybernetic and information systems are based on using artificial intelligence, the main branch of computer science.
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The 21st century has brought to the attention of military tacticians the challenge of anticipating future military conflicts, related to new weapons, like autonomous or controlled from the ground drones, but especially related to the updating of the old strategies in the context of the modernization and globalization of military conflict. Basically, military conflicts had and will have as starting point intelligence and the result of using intelligence.
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The EU security environment has undergone dramatic changes in recent years; the security challenges are most diverse. These include the ones against the cybersecurity. Such challenges can be effectively addressed through coordinated cooperation within the EU, by the use of policies and instruments that are based on European solidarity, mutual assistance and provisions of official documents. Thus, it contributes to improving the resilience of the EU Member States in meeting the common challenges.Cyberspace has a huge impact on all parts of the EU. The cyber-attacks can cause disruption of digital services all across the EU. Improving the resilience of communication and information systems in EU Member States is important to support the digital single market. In this regard, cooperation between all stakeholders in cyber security (state, bodies etc.) is very important. With these guidelines, the article wishes to highlight several aspects deemed relevant to cyber resilience in the EU.
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The current regional and global security state is characterized by a strong degree of instability. Whatever the nature and type of a disturbing factor for the balance in which a system should be at one specific moment in time, be it political, economic, cultural or social system, a contrary reaction, generally characterized by a force and intensity rarely equivalent, will be generated. A reaction to the action of such an interfering factor may be oriented to restore the balance, or will be disproportionate, having as intention the removal of the generating force support. In this situation not to certify the potential occurrence of responsiveness is difficult, the difficulty consists in having the capacity to assure the capability of early warning of nature and time the disturbing factor will make its presence felt, about its strength and intensity, and also about its period of expression and potential side effects, which should be generated by it. For that reason it is necessary to identify the role of C4ISR, ISTAR, ISR in support of the production and dissemination of COP (Common Operational Picture), as an essential element in providing early warning, during development of the decision making process, and especially for identifying and implementing the appropriate response measures.
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Security crisis situations (street demonstrations, terrorist attacks, fires, earthquakes, floods etc.) may worsen due to unpredictable mass behaviour and psycho-behavioural reactions related to an unmanageable crowd, one of them being mass panic. The decision-makers’ knowledge of the characteristics and mechanisms of manifestation of mass panic ensures the understanding of the possibilities to prevent and stop it in the start-up phase as well as to counteract the negative behavioural effects likely to occur on the short, medium and long term. The saviours’ efficient communication with the panicked crowd will undoubtedly lead to a return to normality. Moreover, knowing and complying with some basic rules of safe behaviour in a panicked crowd is vital for each individual.
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The paper presents a point of view regarding the stages of the specific activities evolution of the maintenance management and execution structures during the transformations of the land forces from NATO member states. The structural and conceptual changes of the land forces following the enlargement of the Alliance after the end of the Cold War influenced fundamentally both the use of the military equipments and the service and maintenance system necessary to obtain an assumed level of availability. The technological evolution that characterized the period of transformations of the land forces after 90s, and the wide range of military actions involving the land forces represented the development factors of some modern weapons systems and of some progressive concepts of maintenance and repair. All these requested operators, and especially maintenance structures, to significantly increase the level of specialization, to introduce modern techniques for monitoring the equipment operation and implement new concepts for the service and maintenance activities.
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Air defense is one of the most important components of the modern armed conflicts, whose development was generated by the evolution of the air attack means. Aerial threats have grown exponentially and the trend regarding air systems is to achieve high performance in terms of range, accuracy and countermeasures against ground air defense means. To ensure the success during the preparation and conduct of conventional operations, the use of air defense means is accomplished by certain principles and rules designed to create proper conditions in order to perform specific missions with maximum efficiency.
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Beginning in 2004 and continuing in 2005, 2011, 2015, 2016, Europe is increasingly confronted with terrorist attacks. Either successfully carried, or prevented by security forces, they overshadow everyday life of Europeans, accustomed to living in open societies based on respect for human rights and freedoms. The terrorist threat has become more real and constant, requiring new approaches to efficiently combat it.
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Modern military conflicts have highlighted the role of technological development and military logistics(goods and materials quality and quantity, transports speed and capacity, costs). Logistics means one the most important domanin for military art, being many times crucial to the Romanian Army՚s military actions. The correlation between operative and logistic echelons may conduct to victory.
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The global and regional security environment is marked by difficulties în countering classical, asymmetric and hybrid risks and threats. It is necessary to pay a particular attention to the medium and long-term tendencies of the geostrategic games reconfiguration. These successive events bring în front of us challenges that arise from the resurgence of nationalism and extremism ethnic-religious fragmentation and ideological radicalization. The rapid development of information technology led to new risks and threats that are hard to identify and counter. They can quickly lead to cyber attacks that can affect critical infrastructure which can lead to regional and global energy crises.
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The tragic experiences of European military conflicts in the nineteenth-century led to the need to implement a set of international rules and commitments to protect the injured personnel, unable to defend themselves, and to the need for medical organizations strictly dedicated to this type of mission. The establishing of the International Committee of the Red Cross and signing of the Geneva Conventions and the subsequent Protocols forced the combatants to visibly display the signs of medical treatment facilities and medical evacuation equipment and not to involve such facilities and equipment into the list of possible targets. Frequent violations of these protocols by the insurgents în Iraq and Afghanistan started a debate on the necessity of still using these symbols by the international coalition, especially on air evacuation equipment.
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The complexity of land forces’ action is mainly determined by the multitude of factors specific to the operational confrontation environment that affects the fulfillment of the missions. The airspace of responsibility as dimension of the operational environment is the active component of air defence artillery structures in the joint units. Due to the dynamics of the force ratio and the technological gap between the air and air defence factors, there have been substantial changes in terms of the design of air combat. Although it shows an apparently active nature, the concept of air defence response refers both to all the actions of engaging hostile aircraft and to the application of passive air defence measures. Within the space constraints of this article, we will mainly refer to the concept of accomplishing air defence customized to land forces under the current technological conditions.
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International practice has highlighted the fact that multinational peace-support operations are and will continue to be an effective way, voluntarily accepted in the future by the international community to manage the crises of the world we live in, being, at the same time, a form of military activity, a basic function and an important mission of the armed forces of each state.In multinational operations, leadership ‒ both during preparation and especially during their development ‒ gets special connotations and specific features, due to their characteristics. The aim of this article is to present these specific features.
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Social injustice, poor governance, ethnic and religious rivalries, as well as the lack of tolerance of any kind in combination with the struggles to control various natural resources have led to the outbreak of violent conflicts. The origins of armed conflicts lie in a mix of socio-political factors and the accumulation of different tensions fueled by the lack of real dialogue among the actors in the internal and external affairs of states. Having adverse consequences on the living conditions, especially of vulnerable populations, and disrupting the entire public and social system of a state, the armed conflicts often tend to threaten regional and even global security. Once the war became illegal, states were forced to resolve their dissensions without resorting to force and the threat of force. However, in some cases imposed by the socio-historical circumstances, the traditional means of resolving armed conflicts should not be omitted.
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Great Britain’s exit from the European Union, ”Brexit” or ”British exit”, is one of the most spectacular and important processes which concern both Europe and the rest of the world. During the debate on the referendum, a series of arguments, regarding Great Britain’s exit from the European Union, were highlighted. These arguments can be grouped in three main categories: economic, political and regarding security. Most originate in British domestic realities, but they have also been boosted by the decision-making processes of the EU institutions. Interestingly, from my point of view, this highlights the opportunities generated by Brexit, from the perspective of the remaining member states of the EU, as is the case with Romania. These opportunities are of political, economic and social nature. In the current process of reconfiguring the European project, Romania has the opportunity and historical chance to assume a more important role and a more visible position on the European political scene.
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The analysis of current conflicts reveals the ascendant trend of cyber threats against critical infrastructure and political, economic and military environments, with emphasis on cyber-attacks targeting the national defense entities command and control systems, communication and information networks. The accelerated evolution and the virulence of cyber-attacks are considered by state-actors, alliances and international organizations through specific policies that promotes cyber security and cyber defense capacity building. To counter the sophisticated cyber operations perpetrated by some state and non-actors, it is necessary to approach and prioritize the “cyber warriors” shortcomings, taking into account that, within the current budgetary restraints, the majority of armed forces face difficulties with recruiting, training, development, and retaining of a performant cyber work force.
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Ancient fortifications represent a landmark of military science transformed into the complexity of the forms of expression and expression of history as a living image of the past. They provide a chapter chronologically structured on elements that accompany the concepts and set of values that promote and place epochal moments in the culture and civilization of the world. The typology and classification of fortifications develops distinct elements of the evolution of society as a whole, exalting the effort of continuity and excellence of humanity.
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Through this article I try to present some of the essential elements regarding the main sectors of military cooperation and the dynamics of the military relations between Romania and the Sub-Saharan states before and after the events in 1989, as well as aspects related to Romania’s contribution to the international missions under the aegis of the United Nations And the European Union in the area of Sub-Saharan countries.
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The activities carried out in order to organize and conduct the military actions are subject to the influence of random factors in time and space, thus decreasing the degree of veracity and precision of the assessment of different courses of action. The modeling of processes specific to combat actions can be accomplished using differential equations describing a numerical evolution of task force groups made up of different combat elements.
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Logistic support is one of the most important battlefield functions of the Land Forces structures, regardless of the nature and type of the actions being carried out, including during the force regeneration process. It is designed to contribute to the projected combat capability of forces in order to carry out future missions. This contribution to the regeneration process must include adaptively activities in all its functional domains in order to create optimal capabilities in relation to the objectives and tasks to be achieved, be they from the spectrum of combat operations or from that of stability and support operations.
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The notions of war and conflict in international law are approached from two perspectives: jus ad bellum – represented by the provisions entitling states to use military force in settling disputes with other states and jus in bellum representing the provisions of international humanitarian law, as a branch of public international law. Due to a slow but decisive development in international law, jus ad bellum ‒ the states’ right to resort to war has been outlawed, without jeopardizing the legitimate right to self-defense of individual or collective states facing the aggression of another state, the use of armed force representing the exception to the principle prohibiting the use of force or threat of military force. The chronological presentation of the legal instruments of international law governing war is indicative of the progress made at this moment in the international relations among states of the peace right ‒ jus contra bellum.In international humanitarian law, customary law is particularly important, just as the convention law, especially for countries that have not ratified the legal instruments that concern the regulatory field, so they are bound by customary rules of international humanitarian law during international armed conflicts or internal armed conflicts, irrespective of being a state party to treaties that regulate the conduct of war.
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The use of graphs identifies and multilaterally analyzes the links between the components of an arbitrary system, which provides a convenient manner of a simpler, more accurate and quick design of the mathematical model, thus allowing the improvement of efficiency of the optimization process.
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The geographic location of the states has a bearing on both the economic relations and especially the political relations among them. In the case of Romania, the positioning on a compulsory passageway from the east to the southeast and the center of Europe generated a highly tumultuous, full of events, history and tense international relations. Regarding the Romanian-Russian relations, they have always had specific features of the relationship between a great power and a small state, with all its repercussions. At present, Romania is in a geopolitical region where two projects are running simultaneously: the Intermarium and the Eurasiatic. Both of them are due to the expansionist policy of the Russian Federation. Consequently, Romania needs to develop a policy of defending and promoting its national interest.
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For XXIst century legal scholars, issues such are the normativity of international law no longer constitute a fundamental pillar of their analysis. Despite this, professors Martti Koskenniemi’s observations regarding the fragmentation of international law have yielded a fundamental shift of paradigm with regard to how we view certain issues such as competing jurisdictions, normative proliferation or norm creation. Taking the analysis on fragmentation further and based on empirical analysis of the international normative order, we propose a “theory of normative layering” as a new means of interpreting and understanding the contemporary international normative system.
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The exploitation of oil resources has, since its inception, often been the basis for over the holding of power on the international arena and the various forms of conflict, whether conducted locally or regionally until the world war.
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Energy, consisting of a series of basic components (resources, prospecting, production, transport, distribution, consumption), generally represents each of these elements separately, but also as a whole, a strategic sector for the economy of a country, vital for the country’s economic and social development.
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Nowadays global population has a necessity of travel in a very short time and for longer distances as never before for business, travel, migration or other reasons. This necessity makes the industrial aeronautical party react, producing high end technology in IT, navigation, new materials for aircraft and also new types of aircraft capable to fly higher, with higher speeds and low carbon emissions being able to cope with a higher number of aircrafts flying the same time. All the actions which will be taken now, regarding airspace management, will have an effect in the next period of time for all industries.
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The complexity of the contemporary operational environment in which the military forces may be required to respond in order to restore the normality situation has generated credible reactions at all the levels of the security-related factors. The integrated approach to the security statuses where “the pillar systems” are described and analyzed from a political, military, economic, social, informational, infrastructural and environmental point of view, is a pertinent starting point for decoding the reality, or for developing the options response to hypothetical situations of war, crisis or fragile peace. The level of detail of military operations according to the level of approach: strategic, operational or tactical, can be assimilated to the different modes of manifestation of the other security pillars. The assessment of the military engagement environment has complex and systemic character, where the critical infrastructure is one of the key factors in planning and conducting the military actions to engage the enemy. Relationships of mutual conditioning of the ground forces actions and protection of critical infrastructure represent a wide range of evaluation and research, which needs to be thoroughly approached due to the implications and impact of the negative event on the desired final state. In this article, I have put forward the argue support of the need for an integrated approach to security factor, based on the reciprocal influences, in particular the protection of the critical infrastructures with land forces actions, according to the risk and vulnerability scenarios.
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At present, data are ubiquous and the amount of new data that is generated and stored every day continues to increase exponentially. The military organization, as many other organizations, collects and stores huge amounts of data. The coherent collection, correlation anf interpretation of big data shapes the common operating picture (COP). Such a picture provides commanding officers with solutions at any time, and it is essential for timely decision-making. Thus, transforming these data into knowledge using data mining techniques, especially artificial intelligence techniques may prove a challenge. Using these techniques, we can extract knowledge which can become optimal solutions for the identified problems.
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Evaluation is, with the transmission of knowledge by the trainer and acquisition by those who are trained, a fundamental operational component of military educational process. This is the regulating and self-regulating element, reverse connection through the adopted training system.Considering the permanent concern to ensure the principle of training compatibility, with modern armies from NATO, by the choice of similar effective training forms, methods and the evaluation importance as a distinct stage in the training process, with his correction effect, in this paper are analyzed and proposed the most assessment affordable and effective methods in communication and IT, with suggestions for use in the training institutions.
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In the context of the transformations of positional relationships of security factors towards a nation or coalition: political, military, economic, social, environmental, infrastructure and intelligence, new dimensions are contemplated over contemporary conflicts. Although the risks continue to diminish, we see an unusual evolution of international events in the broader security spectrum of the past. For this, we appreciate the new ways of rethinking and identifying solutions to the safety and security of our own forces in a broader spectrum of threats than the classic ones known. Following, case studies such as the inclusion of Crimea in the Russian Federation and the immigration crisis in the Syria conflict area, we have formulated a series of pertinent conclusions on the transformation trends of the current security environment, namely we have identified the prospects for threats to the state of peace and regional and international security.
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The mathematical model of linear programming can be used in order to represent a complex process and consists of an ensemble of equations, instances, or their combination, one of which reflects the intended purpose (the objective), and the others contain the resource or technology constraints.
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In the modern NATO member armies, military individual career planning during peacetimeis a topical issue, aimed at increasing professional performance both at tindividual and organizational levels. Individual career management has become, at organizational level, an important component of human resource management. We claim that the functionality of individual career management in the Romanian Army is based on the observance of some principles.
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Whatever the scope, linear programming consists in developing and solving mathematical models that express both the quantitative and the qualitative aspect of the problem. It should be noted that the mathematical model does not refer strictly to the mathematical aspect of the problem, but rather its content.
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„The security of every country, as well as the security of the overall international community, is based, not as much on the capacity of reaction and adjustment, but mostly on the capacity to anticipate and act pro-actively. In a complex, dynamic and conflictual world, found in the middle of the globalization process, a profound understanding of the main trends of evolution and the way in which every country has the chance to be actively involved in this process is an essential requirement of progress”.
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A major contribution regarding the recognition of a nation’s importance is also given by the educational level achieved, by the value of the individual’s education and by the value of the educational system to which the individual subscribes. Modern education aims to provide the individual with the possibilities to fully develop its being, in a general background of freedom and assuming the responsibility of its training, and also to contribute to the completion of the human personality, to the preparation of man in order to integrate himself into the society where he belongs to.
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The article aims to be a brief, by exemplifying some battle actions in the history of the universal and Romanian military art, which led to the unnecessary loss of combatants’ lives (over death rate), caused, most of the time, by the inadequate training of commanders and disregard of lessons learned in planning and conducting the combat activities. Nowadays, this aspect is considered as essential in battle, as it contributes in maintaining the fighting capacity and morals of troops, but also in the shaping of national and international public opinion.
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The mathematical modeling of military actions involves situations of expectation theory, situations that find wide application. An important role is played by systems in which a requirement may leave the turn or system before it is satisfied.
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The most famous American admiral, Alfred Thayer Mahan, was a classic geopolitician who believed in the importance of maritime power. Mahan’s thesis is based on the relationship between the political control of the sea and the impact of a strong fleet on the foreign policy of the state. Thus, Mahan has tried to predict the role that maritime power will play in US foreign policy. Mahan’s work can be credited by presenting the essential elements of the sea power and demonstrating how important it is, for a great power, to have a strong Navy.
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The profile of the modern fighter is outlined on the basis of his physical and psychic profile. The Special Forces Fighter is the model of the future. Physical qualities developed during physical training are the foundation of specific training. Continuous physical training is required to form a professional fighter.
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The structure of the Air Forces and the range of missions that can be conducted with the forces and means at hand demand that the planning of air operations be undertaken as a complex process oriented towards the fulfillment of the established objectives. The specificity of the air field requires that the personnel involved in air operations should plan the process by taking into account the particularities of each branch. Operational planning process should be consistent with the joint level process and flexible enough to be adapted at the level of the Air Forces units.
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The objective of Intelligence community is to evaluate holistically the ever changing international system. The synergic communication can prepare the Intelligence Community to succeed in continuously implementing successful collective changes in order to optimize the collective security instead to protect some determined groups and individuals. The aim of this article is to present the potential of cross-cultural communication in the security paradigm and its importance in the highly dynamic and innovative international environment. The methodological system is consensual – inductive (Locke) because the study is based on previous scholar researches.
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Nowadays, one of the most ardent subjects is the European Security and Defense Policy, given the fact that the security environment was currently affected by the recent events categorized as terrorist acts.The manner in which the European Security and Defense Policy has evolved over the years has been triggered by the international environment in terms of risks, threats and vulnerabilities identified.
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Any manned or unmanned military aircraft has been, is and will be equipped with combat equipment which is specific to the category to which it belongs. In this paper, reference is made to the specific equipment (payload) on board unmanned aircraft, hereinafter referred to as RPAS. It also presents a brief history, a small classification with analyzes and references to various specialized studies as well as a minimal presentation of the payloads on board the RPAS used by the main international producers.
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Remote-sensing is a technical field, which is increasingly used for studying the characteristics of Earth’s surface and for obtaining remote geospatial information without direct contact with the objectives that are detected. Systems of sensors used in remote-sensing ensure the detection, measurement and recording of electromagnetic radiation emitted or reflected by bodies located on Earth’s surface. Passive or active sensors are placed at an altitude, on satellites, balloons, aircraft, remotely piloted aircraft systems or helicopters in order to obtain the necessary information about objects or Earth surface, thus contributing to shaping an accurate image of the areas under surveillance with multiple civilian and military applications.
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Theoretical aspects are being presented: the concept of critical infrastructure, the understanding of the existing interconnections / interdependencies and the need for an overhaul of the concept of vulnerability. In the historical context of critical infrastructures evolution, it is emphasized the quasi total interdependence among them, along with the exponential increase of vulnerabilities generated by unconventional threats (cyber attacks or informational warfare). Finally, there is analyzed the paradigm change from the concept of “secure” to the concept of “resilient”.
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The borders of the armed conflict appear to be increasingly difficult to distinguish, in relation with deep globalization, amid historic, external and internal tensions. The promotion of radical ideologies, the environmental issues and the depletion of vital resources for the economic development or even survival, are the premises of unconventional conflicts that can be easily exacerbated by terrorist entities to achieve objectives with radical foundations. Thus, the demarcation line between the civilian population and combatants seems to be increasingly difficult to distinguish or in some cases even cease to exist
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Fighting in the city can be lasting, destructive, diffuse and involves the consumption of huge resources for the parties involved in the conflict. Therefore, in order to achieve the economy of forces and resources, a good knowledge of the physical and cybernetic architecture of the city is required, along with a careful thinking of the location of the defense-related objectives in time of peace. They should respond both to the risk of natural disasters and those caused by human activity, while respecting international rules on sustainable and smart development.The changes within the tools and working methods of planners call into question the use of modern tools with special, useful, and very convenient potential, but which can also create vulnerabilities. In this respect, the spatial planning of defense objectives in urban settlements should start from the need to ensure city security, but also to be integrative, participatory, inclusive, creative and fair.
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Considering that at the level of the Romanian Armed Forces there are no structures with responsibilities in the field of individual careers management that deal with military career planning and professional pathways, we believe that, according to the practices of modern NATO armies, it is necessary to set up such battalion / similar structures up to the central level by reorganizing staff structures. In this way, the number of functions in the organizational chart of each military unit is not affected, instead the military career evolution is considered to be significantly improved.
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Social Media fundamentally changed the way we communicate, relate and gather our information. The benefits of these technology innovations can be overshadowed by the multitude of threats and risks that social media platforms generate at both individual and governmental levels. Social engineering threats have been refined and have reached a new level by exploiting these online resources. The objective of the present article is to present and raise awareness for a topic that lacks of debate in the Romanian public space, especially considering that one of the effective solutions in combating this type of threats can come from informing Social Media users regarding the risks and educating them in order to secure the use of the tools delivered via Internet.
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Nowadays, not only the way fights are taken changed significantly, but also education and decision making system changed dramatically. On the one hand, there are attempts to assist decision making using various tools, including computerized, in order to limit the errors and the time needed to take them, but on the other hand, the popularization of these instruments creates another type of asymmetry, the enemy having detailed knowledge of these and being able to use them for their own benefit.The paper aims to make a review of what military decision-making act represents and the influences that the commander’ education and experience can have in limiting or, on the contrary, increasing the asymmetry of conflicts.
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Focusing attention on the history of nations determines the appearance of objectivity in knowing the world and the human, creating the correct general picture on its past evolution and it can also help us understand its future evolution possibilities. The backgrounds of human development have been among the most complex and comprehensive, influencing its behavior, with almost immediate consequences, once again reminding us of its need for adaptation and evolution.Further, we will create a big picture, from a historical perspective, on the physical exercise, necessary for understanding its evolution, as well as the role it had through history.
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Logistic support structures at all levels, due to the inter-human interactions generated by the need to fulfill their functional attributions, can actively participate in the process of collecting intelligence from human sources.LOGINT is the result of gathering, compiling, integrating, analyzing, evaluating and interpreting the intelligence collected by logistic support forces during the specific missions, about: hostile forces, geographical aspects (local situation, interest objectives), social and economic issues.
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In this paper I will present general aspects regarding the current history, and social, political and economic situation of the European states that are not part of the North Atlantic Alliance and will briefly present the organized training system for training of human resources from the active military service, and from mobilization and active reserve.In this paper I describe the structure elements of the military educational system deployed in the Republic of Moldova. Through the content of our paper I will highlight the analysis elements necessary for the design of an optimized system for training and evaluation the human resources of the Romanian Armed Forces.
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Materiel support and equipment replenishment for the regeneration for Land Forces emplyed in combined multinational operations (at peace time, crisis or war) is the functional area of logistic support, through which those forces are rebuilt up to their projected capacity. As an integral component of the resource management, this function has the purpose to ensure the required stocks necessary to rebuild the dedicated forces up to their initial operational capacity. This is realized through the establishment of the required stocks, management, storage facilities, distribution and de- commissioning of the equipment in order to sustain the forces during their assigned missions.
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This study is a continuation of the article entitled ?A brief retrospective of the historical landmarks on logistics in antiquity”, published in the Bulletin of the National Defense University ?Carol I”, Vol. 3, Nr. 4 (2016). Although a victory depends on both the good training of the troops, their morale and the commanders' strategy, a long campaign achieves its goals and is successful only due to its logistical capabilities. In the medieval period of logistics (developed, perfected and ruled by the Roman Empire), because of the migratory peoples it was a lost art and an inaccurate science. The small number of inhabitants of the newly formed states of the Middle Ages and their inability to control and organize large armies also presented a logistical problem due to the number of support troops needed to organize a large military operation (the transport of materials was carried out by carts pulled by horses or oxen). The reality of the medieval war was that very few leaders were dealing with logistical issues and, indeed, they were more an exception than a rule. The logistics of the troops were generally based on robbery. This is, of course, a reason why medieval war was so difficult for both troops and the population.
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Although we are currently witnessing the smallest share of armed conflicts in the history of humanity, particularly concentrated in some areas, the issue of terrorists and foreign terrorist fighters acting in these conflicts is of major importance. The prohibited actions of these unlawful combatants, the transnational character of these actors and their ability to move anywhere in the world, potentiated by the asymmetry of the armed conflicts, place them in the sphere of vulnerabilities to international peace and security, the international community considering as incident in the matter both the rules of International Law and the rules of International Humanitarian Law.
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